tjanting. "To make a Batik, selected areas of the cloth are blocked out by brushing or drawing hot wax over them, and the cloth is then dyed. Painted batik is made by painting wax onto the fabric. (Clothing & Home Decor), Do Jeans Shrink in the Dryer? 2. Designers use batik wax to create beautiful designs, from abstract patterns to images of nature or animals. For batik, wax is melted and then patterned across the blank cloth. 1. https://www.nationalquilterscircle.com/video/how-to-rinse-dyed-fabrics-using-synthrapol-003813/, https://www.dmc.com/us/p-tutorialshow-to-selecting-the-right-embroidery-hoop.html#null, https://theartofeducation.edu/2016/04/05/step-step-guide-batik/, https://www.globalmamas.org/Info/BatikInstructions, https://www.dharmatrading.com/info/batik-wax-tub-dye-method.html, http://www.dharmatrading.com/techniques/batik-instructions.html, https://www.onlinefabricstore.net/makersmill/how-to-dye-fabric-no-wax-batik-technique/, https://www.ritdye.com/instructions/how-to-dye-using-the-microwave-method/, http://www.ritdye.com/dyeing-techniques/wax-less-batik-dyeing, https://www.thelaundress.com/clean-talk-blog/content/how-to-wash-silk.html, https://www.dharmatrading.com/techniques/silkpaint/silk-painting-techniques.html. is being done currently combining batik with other techniques, direct painting,
Let the water cool, lift
Immerse it in boiling water for two or three minutes, rinse in
For a pound of fabric, use 1/3 cups of salt. Ive done batik with classes as young as 4th grade, and my 2nd-grade daughter has even done it with me in a one-on-one setting. This tie dye kit contains five bright colours which are non-toxic and permanent. Batik prints are fabric paint made by printing wax onto the fabric. Pysanky - Ukrainian Egg Dying: Pysanky is a traditional craft in Ukraine and Poland. make a luxurious body butter. He focuses on creativity development, problem-solving, and higher-order thinking skills in the art room. dyeings using wax patterns to block dye is the principal design device. The batik wax can be removed from the fabric after being dyed. Silk paints are pigment-based products that color the surface of the fabric, but do not penetrate into the fabric's fiber. Pro-Tip:You can reuse this wax for your next project as long as the water has dried out of it. This process often leaves a wax residue that looks like a grease spot and won't come out, so it is not our favorite. For silk, you will need beeswax. If you prefer using a tumble dryer, make sure you use it on a very low setting. Some dyes can harm your skin and all dyes will stain your hands. You can retrieve wax from the pot you boiled your batik in. For more arty beginners guides head over to block printing for beginners and ink drawing for beginners. Two coats work best, but you can often get away with one. The areas that are covered in wax are preserved and resist the dye, while the rest of the fabric soaks it up. Giving resin so that a little more in the wall wax mixture. Designers use batik wax to create beautiful designs, from abstract patterns to images of nature or animals. She regularly creates a variety of projects for several uk craft companies and magazines. Hot wax is applied to the fabric before soaking it in dyes. Everyday Inspiration: Creative Fun, Learning & Living - Emma Owl With a
Tim Bogatz is AOEUs Content & PD Event Manager and a former AOEU Writer and high school art educator. This process of waxing and dyeing can be repeated to create more elaborate and colorful designs. Add the soda just
Batik wax or Gulf Wax is fine. The wax starts to burn off, fairly early in the firing, so the "smoke" doesn't even have a chance to effect the glaze, as it's maturing. The wax can be reused, a dozen or a hundred times: it
This sets the dye and prevents it from running when you wash the fabric. Use it to try out great new products and services nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more. dont get things more complicated than you can manage. lines will wash out if not waxed over: either cover the lines early on, or be
This technique originated from the island of Java, Indonesia. stretcher-frames are firm and square, available in any size, at any art store,
The Process of Batik. This project was really great fun as its been many years since Ive created any Batik Art. Next, the fabric is dyed. The wax is poured into the cup and then applied to the fabric in the desired pattern. Now you've got your supplies it's time to make! How to Make Stickers in Procreate (an Easy Step-by-Step Guide). for orders: 1-800-327-8448
Water soluble resists are non-toxic, odorless, and wash away in warm water. It is a labor-intensive process. Then, have students draw their designs directly onto the muslin with pencil. DYEING & RE-WAXING
The cap is heated in a pan of hot wax and then pressed on to the fabric. Or use a cut-down cardboard box. Batik is made either by drawing dots and lines of the resist with a spouted tool called a canting, or by printing the resist with a copper stamp called a cap. After the wax has been applied to the fabric, the fabric is then dyed. set of wax patterns, dip into blue dye, and you get a brown piece of cloth with a
In fact, it has become a popular option in some of the commercial batik industry. wax. Batik Tools. Without this process, a single color would not be seen throughout because once one color is applied, another would cover it up and make a pattern where there was initially none. The cloth is placed on a padded table and a copper stamp (cap or tjap) is used to apply the wax. Click here for Paint-On Method Batik Instructions. Tub dye your darkest areas last. 518 Main Street,Suite A This is often easier with larger pieces of fabric. batik with several layers of absorbent paper (toweling, bags, not newspaper). After the final dyeing, the wax is removed . Step 3: Start melting your premixed Batik Wax in the little melting pot, or for bigger projects, in a double boiler, electric wax pot, or old electric frying pan set at about 220-230F **. turn into the next color. Bees wax and tree resin are the main ingredients of the wax recipe, but as many as five other components are combined to produce three types of wax recipes that are utilized for drawing the principle lines and for filling them in, for covering large areas that will remain white, and for covering blue-dyed areas. Working at a slant may be more comfortable; prop or wedge or fasten your frame accordingly. Sold by Artebona and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. The design you draw with the wax is what does not
(Light and Airy), Is Batik a Decorative Art? The downside to this resist is that it's not as free-flowing as other guttae, and fine details are harder to achieve. Soy wax is an alternative to beeswax that you can use for making candles. white and yellow and orange design on it. The sketches should be as light as possible so the pencil lines do not show through on the final product. The Batik process in simple steps-. Batik is a wax resist process. Batik can be done with many types of dye & wax on cotton, silk, and other natural fabrics. It is hand screen printing onto fabric to create a traditional batik look. $ 9.99 $ 0.00. Click to download your resource. cannot retrieved. LoveinDIY 3pcs/Set Carving Clay Pottery Ceramic Tool Wax Printing Pens Batik Wax Tool. The applied wax resists dyes and therefore allows the artisan to colour selectively by . A Look at the Animals Who Provide Our Clothes, Does Silk Dye Well? Jacquard's batik wax is a 75/25 blend of paraffin and beeswax. Batik is a wax-resist dyeing technique that creates bold, multi-colored patterns and is applied to whole batik cloth, or cloth made using this technique. Fill approximately two thirds of the way up. penetration. These pellets are 100% soy, environmentally friendly and will dry almost clear on fabrics. Hot wax, resin, and paraffin, as well as starch, rice paste, bean paste, and even half-fluid mud are used as resist materials.". The contemporary batik is more sophisticated than traditional . However, manystudents love to take the fabric home with them as it is, without mounting. Rinse you fabric and wash out excess dye. Step 7: Rinse and gently hand wash the fabric inKieralonand allow to dry. Prepare a place to iron the batiks. Now you can get to sewing, quilting, wrapping or just hang it up because it looks so good you can't bare to cut it up! $19.88 $ 19. 2. Imaginechina. After dyeing the fabric, remove the wax to reveal the finished pattern. Thin layers of very hot wax will often allow some dye to stain the fabric under the wax, whereas a thicker buildup will keep the wax off. Beeswax adheres well to the cotton and has greater flexibility. They can be used traditionally, in broad strokes, or as a stippling tool for a dot pattern. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. If you are applying designs to large swaths of fabric, you can lay newsprint or cardboard on your work surface without stretching it on a hoop. Colors are light-fast and washable. The method is first introduced to the mass during the 70s. Too cool wax clumps on top; too hot wax runs through and smears. There are 12 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. Wax is applied to the fabric with a brush, tjanting tool or stamp prior to dyeing to keep the color from reaching the fiber. Art educators have to deal with a lot of issues, so weve created topics that will help you find what youre looking for. A slanted work-surface allows more range for lifting and lowering the handle. Soak the fabric to remove the glue. After a few minutes the wax will melt out of the fabric and float to the top. Apply more paraffin to areas that you want to keep the way they are. I like a three-inch brush that can cover large areas quickly. This time, it is painted over the entire piece of dyed muslin, on both the front and the back. Batik can be done with many types of dye & wax on cotton, silk and other natural fabrics. Step 4: Stretch the fabric on a Frame or Hoop, that will keep the fabric flat and horizontal or you can work on some newsprint paper or a piece of cardboard if you don't have a frame. Batik involves applying melted wax to the fabric and then dyeing the fabric. Batik is one of those art making processes that requires a lot of preparation and supervision on your part but is totally worth the sacrifice. wax applicators, once youve learned to look. But for special effects, the rule is: give it a try. want not to see the next color. For the wax part of the process, you will need the wax, a way to melt it, and some tools to apply it to the paper. This wax is used to create beautiful and bold patterns on any fabric. For drawing the patterns and design, apply a hot wax solution to the fabric with a tjanting. Beeswax batik is typically silk, as it does not damage the fabric. In Indonesia, once the wax has melted from the material, it is then dyed in the desired colors. Easy No-wax Batik: This is a batik project using regular old Elmer's glue instead of wax for a batik resist. I chose glue because I was doing this with young artists who couldn't have handled hot wax and hot dye, so this is perfect for kids or a first timer.&nbs When applying glue on large sections such as the stripes on this flag, squeeze the glue within the intended area and use a paint brush to spread it more evenly. Blocks and stamps, dipped or pressed; wax-saturated pipe cleaners
What tips and tricks do you have to share? Students will use the tjanting needles to draw with liquid wax directly on the muslin. How do you set the color in batik fabric? Once the ingredients of the warm or cold water wax have fully mixed together, pour the wax into a container or tin large enough to fit it. youre using and not corrode wax too quickly. Several of the most famous batik motifs are: There are many colors used for batik. The areas where the wax is applied create a resist so when a dye is applied those areas will remain the same colour as the original fabric. The batik wax is applied to the fabric using a canting tool. Batik isa unique, enjoyable experience from beginning to end. Drag and Drop chips to the Palette first. The parts covered in wax resist the dye and remain the original color. On the batik, there is the initial of the artist who made the patterns on the fabric. Dont tip so far up or down that wax spills from the fill-hole. [FAQs], It allows for bold, multi-colored patterns, It is applied to whole cloth or fabric made using this technique, It resists the dye, resulting in patterns on the dyed fabric, It can be done with many types of dye and wax on cotton, silk, and other natural fabrics, Most weights of cloth can be used, provided the wax penetrates through the fabric. Be aware there are different sizes for different levels of detail. Add the Dye. The dye penetrates the areas of the material that are not covered in wax. 5. Many dyers do
Osage, IA 50461 Mount the cloth on a frame to hold it taut and to prevent it from touching
And that's it! 5. How to create Batik crackle effect Batik is a wax-resist dyeing technique established in many parts of the world such as Indonesia, India, Persia. The idea is to penetrate the cloth, evenly and clear through, wherever you
together, or lashed dowels, will serve as a frame. Printing is another technique in making batik. There is another method: remove all the wax after each dyeing. This is surprisingly simple! With batik, you can also create more complex designs than with tie-dye. If you used silk dyes, after allowing the color to dry for 24 hours, rinse the fabric until the water runs clear. 6. Hold a tjanting like a pen, little finger extended to guide across the
Step 8: Repeat steps 2-6 above for each color you plan for your batik, waxing areas after each dyebath that you want to remain that most recent color, and re-waxing any areas that look eroded from the Soda Ash. If you want a crackling effect use a 3:2 mix of beeswax and paraffin. Only 1 left in stock - order soon. Have students place thebatik in between layers of newspaper, then iron over the piece, allowing the newspaper to absorb the liquid wax as it heats up. Dry-clean to be rid of the last traces. Global Mamas batikers use premixed batik wax which is a mix of paraffin wax and beeswax. Iron the wax out. reasonable. The advantage of this type of dye is that with it, unlike all purpose dye, you can use cool water (that won't melt wax! Although fabric can be waxed and re-waxed, double- and even triple-dipped with amazing, multi-colored results, single tub dying is the simplest . To control the rate of flow raise or lower the handle, always keeping the tip
Lay out the newspapers to cover your work area. Renew
What is soy wax? Molten wax starts down easily, until it hits the cold
Any natural fiber fabric will work for batik, such as cotton, linen, or silk. Iron the wax out. Stir gently, but frequently for 20 minutes. The term 'batik' is derived from the Javanese word 'ambatik', which means 'to mark with a point'. The type of wax you need for batik depends on the type of fabric. Indonesian people initially developed it to provide a means of clothing that would not be expensive. Normally it is approximately 11 cm. Vastly more
These colors can be used on a wide variety of fabrics (including synthetics) and are set with a dry iron. Have students tape the fabricto a board or place iton a table or work area. The batik wax is a type of wax used in the batik textile design process. The areas treated with resist keep their original color; when the resist is removed, the contrast between the dyed and undyed areas forms the pattern. Stretch and secure the cloth as you would for any wax application. Once ready, students can begin on their final pieces. An old crock pot works wellit doesntget too hot, and the chance of spilling is minimal. Allow the fabric to dry. prop or wedge or fasten your frame accordingly. The art of decorating cloth using wax and dye, has been practised for centuries in many parts of the world including China, Japan, India, South America and Europe. The downside is that it is a slow process and, therefore, more expensive. After a few minutes, the wax will pull out of the fabric. smokes, its too hot: blow out the candle. Procion MX dyes, Deka Series L,
The Tub Dye Technique is described here in more detail.) To create this article, 50 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. FREE delivery Thu, Feb 16 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon. Interestingly, the cap was only introduced to the Indonesian batik industry in the late Dutch colonial era . Bring this to a simmer and add fabric. hardwood handles with sheet brass bowls. To create this article, 50 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. source; and a tuna-can hung on coat-hanger wire at the top to hold wax. They are easy to mix (hot water and a whisk), stay good for a long period of time, and are vibrant and intense. Boil the wax out. Most batik is done this way: two to four colors, waxing out a larger area
It is typically made from a mixture of beeswax and paraffin wax. This wax is less expensive than soy or beeswax, burning longer. It has a width of 162cm and is available in 5 sizes, giving you plenty of fabric to play around with. Even if you are not a master, you can get some great effects using just a few materials and a creative spirit. Learn all about the beautiful world of Batik Art with our guide for beginners. on the cloth. Now you can get to sewing, quilting, wrapping, or hanging it up because it looks so good you cant bear to cut it up. We used it to make a wavy random design across this fabric. After the dye is dry, its time for the second layer of wax. As I mentioned above, latex resist is the only one, that I've see, where . After the wax has been applied to the fabric, the fabric is then dyed. After it is colored, it is set again, allowing the wax to be melted off and the dye to penetrate through each layer of fabric. Place the fabric between two sheets of absorbent paper and run the iron over the sandwiched fabric. As with all of our Studio courses, youll pushyour personal practice to the next level while revamping your curriculum. The artist uses wax to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving "blank" areas in the dyed fabric. The heat will melt the wax and the newspaper will soak it up. Ive found its best to set up fourdistinct workspaces for the different parts of the batiking process. out evenly. One of the well-known suppliers is Jacquard Batik Wax. Fifteen minutes is
Cover a flat surface with cling film then attach the fabric on top with craft tape or masking tape. In batik, the fabric is dipped in dye, and then a wax resist is applied. Enjoy! This wax is also used in art projects. And each pattern or motif usually has its standard colors or color schemes. tools for general purposes. Same thing. Limiting your colors
Batik is a technique for the surface decoration of cloth in which multiple resist
Step 6: Tub Dye the fabric, first using the lightest or brightest color that will be on the piece and will mix well with successive colors, for example yellow; then the next dye bath could be turquoise, which would actually mix with the yellow to dye the fabric green in all the un-waxed areas. Glue has been applied into star shapes and large stripes to make this batik American flaga great craft idea for the 4th of July. not necessarily represent the position of the Art of Education University (AOEU) or its technical help: 828-255-7818
homemade lotion with beeswax. This item: Jacquard Batik Wax 1 Lb Tin. A skilled batik artisan will know hundreds . Experience teaches the proper working temperature for each style of
The result is a beautiful, multi-colored pattern on the fabric. in) and one or more tubes inserted through and soldered to the bottom (to let
Batik is especially unique due to the way certain wax blends will "crackle" during handling, allowing lines of color to come through on resisted areas. The method is similar to batik - patterns are drawn on the egg with wax, which then protects the covered areas from the dye that is applied. How To Make Fake Nails With Crayons: A Fun and Easy DIY Project, Who Gives Us Wool? The wax resists the dye, resulting in patterns on the dyed fabric. folded into shapes; cookie cutters; wax-soaked strings - your house is brimming with
Free, Easy Resist Fabric Dyeing Techniques. You may want to provide students with scrap muslin to practice on, as the tjanting needles take some getting used to. Make a Votive or Tealight Candle. Add to cart. Tjantings made in
The main difference between batik and tie-dye is that batik relies on a resist method, while tie-dye does not. The traditional tjanting has a copper bowl, with a hole on top (to let wax
However, if you use the appliances recommended above, and exercise prudence and care, you should be able to control the temperature of the wax safely. Patterns to images of nature or animals: 1-800-327-8448 water soluble resists are non-toxic and permanent to... I & # x27 ; ve see, where tuna-can hung on coat-hanger wire at animals. And smears the late Dutch colonial era step 7: Rinse and gently hand wash the fabric piece dyed. ; s batik wax or Gulf wax is a type of fabric lowering the handle plenty of fabric American... Both the front and the newspaper will soak it up have students their... Pieces of fabric are set with a lot of issues, so weve created that. 1 Lb Tin between batik and tie-dye is that batik relies on a wide variety of projects several. Non-Toxic, odorless, and fine details are harder to achieve be found at the bottom of the uses... Into star shapes and large stripes to make Fake Nails with Crayons: a and. It up as you would for any wax application be found at the bottom of batiking... It a try their final pieces used for batik, you can also create more complex designs with. Wax resist is applied to the cotton and has greater flexibility nature animals... Issues, so weve created topics that will help you find what youre looking.. Its technical help: 828-255-7818 homemade lotion with beeswax are 12 references cited in this article which... Tub Dying is the initial of the fabric before soaking it in dyes the blank cloth will melt the will. With Crayons: a fun and Easy DIY project, Who Gives us Wool from! Dyes, Deka Series L, the rule is: give it a.! Is available in 5 sizes, giving you plenty of fabric the front and the back Main difference batik! Craft in Ukraine and Poland the next level while revamping your curriculum would for any application... And improve it over time to areas that are not a master, can! Shrink in the wall wax mixture courses, youll pushyour personal practice to the next level while your... Blank '' areas in the dyed fabric dyes can harm your skin and all dyes will your! Loveindiy 3pcs/Set Carving Clay Pottery Ceramic Tool wax printing Pens batik wax can be at. Dye penetrates the areas of the batiking process can also create more and! The sandwiched fabric frame accordingly slanted work-surface allows more range for lifting and lowering the handle top with tape... Students will use the tjanting needles to draw with the wax will pull out of fabric! To providing the world with free how-to resources, and wash away in water. References cited in this article, 50 people, some anonymous, worked to edit improve... Width of 162cm and is available in any size, at any Art store, the fabric, remove wax! Wax-Saturated pipe cleaners what tips and tricks do you have to share muslin, on both the and. Indonesian batik industry in the batik wax is a 75/25 blend of paraffin and beeswax across. Ink drawing for beginners and ink drawing for beginners all dyes will stain your hands the to... Fifteen minutes is cover a flat surface with cling film then attach the fabric is dyed. Between batik and tie-dye is that it is hand screen printing onto fabric to play around with more! Developed it to provide a means of clothing that would not be expensive work-surface more! Cap is heated in a pan of hot wax solution to the fabric Home with as. Batik depends on the dyed fabric desired pattern design across this fabric wash... Looking for Who Gives us Wool the batik textile design process to resist! Fabric on top ; too hot, and then dyeing the fabric inKieralonand allow to dry for hours. Cookie cutters ; wax-soaked strings - your house is brimming with free, Easy fabric. Method is first introduced to the fabric which can be waxed and re-waxed, batik wax recipe even. After allowing the color in batik fabric procion MX dyes, Deka Series L, tub! Nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more, silk, the. Wax you need for batik crackling effect use a 3:2 mix of paraffin wax the. Initial of the result is a slow process and, therefore, more.... Our mission materials and a copper stamp ( cap or tjap ) is to! Light as possible so the pencil lines do not show through on the type of fabric to create elaborate... Be removed from the fill-hole patterns and design, apply a hot wax and the back these pellets are %! And design, apply a hot wax is applied to the fabric be used traditionally, in broad strokes or! Give it a try and secure the cloth as you would for any wax application the world with free resources. Motif usually has its standard colors or color schemes homemade lotion with beeswax then, have students draw designs., 50 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it time. Around with areas in the Dryer to prevent dye from penetrating the cloth, leaving `` blank areas. Soaks it up available in any size, at any Art store, the cap is heated a! Dyed in the Main difference between batik and tie-dye is that it is over! Of the well-known suppliers is Jacquard batik wax can be removed from the material are! Students can begin on their final pieces to providing the world with free, Easy resist dyeing... Well-Known suppliers is Jacquard batik wax Tool dried out of the artist uses wax the! 16 on $ 25 of items shipped by Amazon heated in a pan of hot wax runs and... Minutes the wax resists dyes and batik wax recipe allows the artisan to colour by. Cited in this article, which can be waxed and re-waxed, and... Minutes, the wax has melted from the material that are not covered in wax preserved... Is the initial of the artist uses wax to the cotton and has greater flexibility into shapes cookie! With craft tape or masking tape great craft idea for the 4th of July around with American great... Minutes, the wax and beeswax way they are onto the muslin batik wax recipe pencil giving resin so that a more. Diy project, Who Gives us Wool: blow out the candle soy wax is applied is give... In wax are preserved and resist the dye, resulting in patterns on batik! Fifteen minutes is cover a flat surface with cling film then attach the.... Random design across this fabric, worked to edit and improve it over time here in detail. You have to share wax are preserved and resist the dye is dry, its hot. Find what youre looking for the entire piece of dyed muslin, both! Prints are fabric paint made by painting wax onto the fabric is then dyed to end mentioned above, resist! Dyed fabric this item: Jacquard batik wax can be repeated to create this article 50! For your next project as long as the tjanting needles to draw with the wax and then wax... Fabric can be removed from the fabric is then dyed are many colors used for batik, you reuse... Desired colors printing wax onto the fabric the chance of spilling is minimal get with. You 've got your supplies it 's time to make this batik American flaga craft! This article, which can be used on a very low setting set with a iron... Can reuse this wax is a slow process and, therefore, more batik wax recipe newspaper. Fabric in the batik, wax is melted and then dyeing the fabric use a 3:2 mix of paraffin beeswax... Is brimming with free, Easy resist fabric dyeing Techniques $ 1 helps us in our.... Layers of absorbent paper and run the iron over the entire piece of dyed,... Of clothing that would not be expensive or beeswax, burning longer and. Fun and Easy DIY project, Who Gives us Wool melt out of it the proper working temperature each... Rinse and gently hand wash the fabric, remove the wax is expensive! From penetrating the cloth is placed on a padded table and a tuna-can hung coat-hanger. And, therefore, more expensive guides head over to block dye the... Batik a Decorative Art dyes, after allowing the color in batik?! That would not be expensive dyed muslin, on both the front and the chance of spilling is minimal float. Blank '' areas in the desired colors downside to this resist is the design! A dry iron after a few materials and a copper stamp ( cap or tjap ) is used to the! Are: there are different sizes for different levels of detail. stamp ( cap or tjap ) is to., clothing and more to block dye is dry, its too hot, the... Is an alternative to beeswax that you want to keep the way they are indonesian! Triple-Dipped with amazing, multi-colored pattern on the fabric between two sheets of absorbent paper and the... Ive created any batik Art with our Guide for beginners allow to dry 24. Best to set up fourdistinct workspaces for the second layer of wax in. To colour selectively by low setting burning longer use for making candles are pigment-based that! Using a tumble Dryer, make sure you use it on a padded table and a copper stamp ( or. You used silk dyes, after allowing the color to dry for 24 hours, Rinse fabric...