Long-term observation (8 years) of glass enamels in outdoor exposure and 2 years of weathering and cleaning of float glass. Heritage 14, 527536 (2013). Sci. Sometimes a customer will reject a pane of glass due to perceived defects, even though the pane meets the ASTM standards. The glass compositions showing detectable signs of atmospheric glass degradation are classified as unstable and the other as stable in the CH field. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Each scanner generates a real-time measurement of glass profile. Presentation and conservation of the collection of chemically unstable Limoges painted enamels in the Louvre Museum. Another type of iridescence concerns atmospheric alteration23. All other area is the central area (see illustration). Heat-treating defects: there are many kinds, including bows/warping, ripples, overcooking, and heat stains. Heritage 16, 401412 (2015). Measurement of CG length, width, squareness. Cosmochim. Alloteau, F. et al. Up close is different than from further away same goes for glass. 55, 459466 (2012). Interface with marking system feedback for plugged/dead markers. 5, 11301146 (1990). There are three broad categories of glass defects and flaws. Coating Must be uniform on the lite inspected when viewed in transmission using the inspection criteria previously stated above. It combines several patented ISRA technologies, such as Cross Dark Field and Moir, to ensure perfect detection and classification of all typical distorting and non-distorting glass defects. Fearn, S., McPhail, D. S. & Oakley, V. Investigation of the corrosion of seventeen-century faon de venise glass using advanced surface analysis techniques. & Vezzalini, G. Hybrid solgel based coatings for the protection of historical window glass. Film and glass production need 100% on-line immediate haze mapping and measurement. And, of course, they should also be in line with your customers standards. Verres Refract. The data in Figs. Organ, R. M. The safe storage of unstable glass. The salts are mainly Ca carbonates (A, P, and SL), Na, Ca, H-mixed carbonates (A and SL), deliquescent K-carbonates (P), and K, Na, Ca-sulfates (P). The ions present on the surface of the unstable glass objects can be quantitatively studied using a dedicated ion chromatography analytical protocol. P.L. Sci. J. Nucl. This is because the unsaturated vapor conditions were not considered as distinct from the saturated vapor and liquid conditions in the literature until recently. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. GLASS INSPECTOR 4D - IN ACTION / GLASS INSPECTOR 4D - EN ACCIN. A 11, 469482 (1940). Panels ce are reproduced with permission from ref. a Alteration layer thickness measured by FTIR in transmission mode with SEM calibration, as a function of the square root of time, for various conditions from 35C, 95% RH (slowest kinetics) to 125C, 95% RH (highest kinetics). 525, 5371 (2019). & Lommen, T. P. A. Solid State Laser Reflection (SSLR) technology automatically adjusts for glass curvature. Plants run 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. 159, 108129 (2019). Float glass plants are enormous - over 350,000 square feet under each roof. No trend data or other data for evaluating cover glass vendor quality. Its atmospheric hydration rate (80C, 85% RH, 6 days) was very fast, and even exceeded by a factor 10 the initial dissolution rate measured for the same glass at 80C (pure water, S/V=50m1, 6 days, rate measured from the Na normalized mass loss)79. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Cummings, K., Lanford, W. A. 2023 LearnGlazing. This hydrolysis was particularly fast, possibly due to the retention of alkalies and NBOs that may have locally formed catalytic OH species. You should ensure that their quality standards are in line with your standards. For instance, low emissivity stacks based on Ag layers may face adhesion problems if the corrosion of the glass surface is not carefully controlled and limited, especially during storage and transport. The high 1H chemical shift contributions were absent and the network had repolymerized109. Abrajano, T. A., Bates, J. K. & Byers, C. D. Aqueous corrosion of natural and nuclear waste glasses I. Ribet, S. & Gin, S. Role of neoformed phases on the mechanisms controlling the resumption of SON68 glass alteration in alkaline media. But sometimes glass comes with serious defects, and in that case it needs to be repaired or replaced. 503, 5665 (2018). High-Level Waste Borosilicate Glass: A Compendium of Corrosion Characteristics. When some very sensitive thin layers are to be deposited on glass, they may make visible the beginning of the alteration of the glass surface. Wittstadt, K., Maas-Diegeler, G., Hiller-Knig, W. & Grieb, H. Crizzlingexploring degradation and simulation on model glasses. In order to restore and protect this Cultural Heritage from mechanical, chemical deteriorations and vandalism, restoration has been engaged (cleaning, bonding, consolidating, filling gaps, etc.). One final note on dealing with glass defects: choosing the right fabricator is critical. Consolidating products are used occasionally for glass and paints (Orcomer, Paralod B72) and new ones will appear soon (European research projects CONSTGLASS and NANOMATCH)53. suggest that in these conditions of lower solvation by water, the alkalies are retained next to NBOs in the inverse order of their hydration energy, K+>Na+Ca2+. In the . Bates, J. K. et al. To obtain in 9th Forum for the Conservation and Technology of Historic Stained-Glass (ed. This defect is well-known, but it is not strictly related to atmospheric conditions because condensation occurs. Opt. Float Glass is glass that is manufactured on a float line where a molten ribbon of glass is made by "floating" the liquid glass mixture over a bed of molten tin. Glass sags very slightly between these rollers while transporting the glass through the furnace. For instance, the CH community describes a stage 1 with the formation of salts on the glass surface. DOE-EM-0177 (1994). Degrad. For instance, CSH are not observed on SON68 immersed at high S/V, while they are the first phase to form on this glass at 125C and 9598% RH (zeolites form at higher temperature). Manual inspection is no longer practical. Le Losq, C., Cody, G. D. & Mysen, B. O. Alkali influence on the water speciation and the environment of protons in silicate glasses revealed by 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy. J. Nucl. Note that the retention of a small concentration of alkalies in the leached layer has also been noticed and emphasized in immersion conditions, with the authors even suggesting that some Na concentration in the leached layer is necessary to continue the dissolution process106. Edaine, J., Loisel, C., Geronazzo, D. & Pallot-Froissard, I. EU-Project CONSTGLASS N 044339. Gin, S., Beaudoux, X., Angli, F., Jgou, C. & Godon, N. Effect of composition on the short-term and long-term dissolution rates of ten borosilicate glasses of increasing complexity from 3 to 30 oxides. Sicard, L., Spalla, O., N, F., Tach, O. Manual inspection is inconsistent and expensive. Later, the customer finds the flaw and wants the whole pane to be replaced. Their presence is consistent with the partial retention of alkalies in the hydrated layer. Apart from solutions oriented on consolidation (such as Paraloid B-72 acrylics)33, the few invasive conservation treatments aimed at slowing down atmospheric alteration almost exclusively consist of coating the glass surface with either inorganic34,35 or hybrid organicinorganic products. On-line defect detection to 1m. Glass alteration in atmospheric conditions: crossing perspectives from cultural heritage, glass industry, and nuclear waste management, $$\equiv {\mathrm{Si}}-{\mathrm{O}}-{\mathrm{Na}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{3}}{\mathrm{O}}^ + \leftrightarrow \equiv {\mathrm{Si}}-{\mathrm{OH}} + {\mathrm{Na}}^ + + {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}$$, $$\equiv {\mathrm{Si}}-{\mathrm{O}}-{\mathrm{Na}} + {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{O}} \leftrightarrow \equiv {\mathrm{Si}}-{\mathrm{OH}} + {\mathrm{Na}}^ + + {\mathrm{OH}}^ -$$, \(Alt = 2\sqrt {\frac{{D_{H2O} \times t}}{\pi }}\), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-020-00130-9. Verre 16, 2027 (2010). Throughput increases, yields improve and scrap is eliminated. Nunes de Carvalho, J., Cleaver, J. Lombardo, T., Chabas, A. The Ca2+ ions are thus more efficiently solvated and extracted out of the hydrated layer to form salts (calcite), while the silanol sites left behind may condense and contribute to densify the alteration layer, passivating the glass90. Appl. Special SSLR scanner designed to inspect ONLY the first surface. In addition, the atmospheric alteration is characterized by its sensitivity to the surface structure and defects, being either compositional gradient, internal stress, scratches, dust and environmental particles, or alteration salts produced in the first alteration stage. The determining roles of glass composition and humidity on the extent and kinetics of the atmospheric degradation have been verified in laboratory experiments on synthetic glasses representative of historic glass compositions by aging them in an accelerated way or in ambient atmosphere17,18,19,20. On the other hand, the harmfulness of K2CO3 salt with respect to sulfate salts has been demonstrated on model glasses, of which surface roughness and salt crystallization was higher in the presence of K2CO3. Its a fact worth repeating because few things cause more heartburn, especially to contractors, than glass industry standards especially when those standards dont align to the clients expectations. Sterpenich, J. F: +420 571 498 599 Debris, Dirt, Spots Viewable as stated above, must be 1/16 or less. In the glass industry, studies of the chemical attack by atmospheric agents were conducted as early as the 1950s7. . Corros. Indeed, the residual dissolution rate is about 2104gm2d1 (90C, pH=9 buffered with KOH, S/V=10m1, 8000m1 or 200 000 m1, 1-year experiments)88,101, while the vapor hydration rate measured after 512 days (90C, 92% RH) is about 3103gm2d184, i.e., higher by one order of magnitude. Acta 70, 25772590 (2006). The pink color is due to the atmospheric alteration through the oxidation of manganese in the hydrated layer (solarization phenomenon). Inspect the central 80% or so of the pane. Glass washer manufacturers do not provide a means to measure washer debris. Aliquam corporis incidunt fugiat error tempora quis facilis, labore provident ipsa laborum eveniet odit! Surf. 3), encompassing alteration steps in liquid conditions or at 100 RH%. Glass and Ceramics Conservation 2010: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Working Group, October 36, 2010, Corning, New York, USA 137144 (2010). In more specific conditions, zeolites, phyllosilicates and silicate hydrates are also encountered (ii)100,103,104. Like stage 1 deterioration of glass art objects, the common first manifestation of the atmospheric alteration of a commercial sodalime glass is the appearance of a slight veil on the surface, composed of sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate crystals56,57,58, which can develop with time in a polluted atmosphere containing SO2 into sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate. Mthodes portables non destructives danalyse de laltration des verres au plomb. Considering the presence of a thin water film in equilibrium with vapor on the glass surface, the question of the specificity of atmospheric glass alteration can be formulated as is glass alteration in unsaturated atmosphere like alteration in liquid water at extremely high S/V ratio? (where S is the total glass surface exposed to the solution and V is the volume of the solution). Data saved in XML and SQL database files. Custom Clean Number is used to set Good, Warning and Reject limits. Mater. Since the defects are correlated with specific links of the production process, it is possible to discover the process problems by identifying the location and type of defects in end images. For example, for very large units (more than 35 square feet), the glass pane is allowed to have up to three scratches smaller than 1, even if those scratches are visible from 10 feet away, before being considered a defect. Mascaraque, N., Bauchy, M. & Smedskjaer, M. M. Correlating the network topology of oxide glasses with their chemical durability. Under these conditions, if you cant see it from 10 feet it isnt a defect. Its easy to understand and avoids getting into the weeds that are the official ASTM glass standards for acceptable glass defects. in Annales du 16e Congrs de Lassociation Internationale Pour lhistoire du Verre, Londres, 713 Septembre 2003 375379 (AIHV, 2005). Stand about 10 feet away from the glass so that you are looking at it straight on. Systems are full production systems and can be easily modified/upgraded for relocation to the production line. REAM / (see Cords) Inclusions within the glass, or layers or strings of glass, that are not homogeneous with the . This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Nat. Value 5% Fractile (Characteristic Strength) For instance, replacing Na2O by CaO improves the chemical durability, until some amount of around 10mol% CaO92. Must reject sheets with chamfer defects to prevent adding value and scrapping later. 72, 1019 (2013). Chem. For this reason, glass art objects and archeological glasses form two distinct groups, because most of the latter have experienced immersion or buried environments. C2RMF, A. Maigret. We determined two main root causes and defined actions to reduce such defects when occurring. Knots, which are local glassy inclusions, are. Werme, L. et al. The border area is comprised of 6 inches plus from each edge of the lite. In the second part of the paper, the specific features of the atmospheric alteration of glass, as compared to alteration in liquid phase, are discussed on the basis of the current knowledge. For example, on sealed units over 35 square feet, the glass is allowed to have three 1 scratches and still be within standards even if those scratches are visible from 10. SON68 nuclear glass dissolution kinetics: current state of knowledge and basis of the new GRAAL model. As a consequence, the aqueous alteration of a nuclear waste glass prehydrated in vapor phase releases more radioactivity in solution than a pristine waste glass6,72. Various protocols have been used to control RH and temperature in glass alteration experiments: (i) desiccator with or without saline solutions18,19,78, (ii) climatic chamber64,75,79,80,81,82, (iii) hermetic box enclosing a saline solution and placed in an oven83, (iv) teflon-lined autoclave in an aluminum container (to homogenize T)70,84, with samples placed on a teflon holder above a saline solution, and placed in an oven. If the glass surface composition is more uniformly modified on a thickness of about 0.1m or more, then the alteration may appear as an interference pattern (iridescence). I highly recommend to the people new to the industry as well as seasoned veterans. hn6o?[! Reflection operation is almost impossible, on-line, with conventional camera/AOI/vision technology. T: +420 571 498 511 Solids 87, 226253 (1986). Special scanner technologies for Glass Cleanliness, Coating Defects, Scribe metrology. GLASS IS LIKE A BUTTERFLY. Float glass is known to have micro-inhomogeneities due to its amorphous molecular structure (Benedetti et al., 1994). Mineral. Alteration mechanisms of ancient glass objects exposed to the atmosphere. J. Non-Cryst. (courtesy of Saint-Gobain) 2. The glass industry is concerned with the short-term alteration of the glass surface by unsaturated humidity and they are in need of a better understanding of the compositional and environmental dependency of the phenomena12. 5. Kinetic study and structural evolution of SON68 nuclear waste glass altered from 35 to 125 C under unsaturated H2O and D2O18 vapour conditions. Glass coating operations suffer decreased yields, higher scrap, lower throughput as a result. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. is a world leader of electric boosting design and supply. This profile is analyzed in the Dark Field Warp/Bow processing module to determine if the plate is within specifications. Ninety percent of ASTM conversations never have to happen. (1975). Washer is maintained according to its performance. A 53, 225227 (2012). Because of the elevated pH and rapid saturation of the solution, all rate-influencing processes, such as the development of an alteration layer having passivation properties (if any), or the precipitation of secondary phases (if any), are accelerated. For example, for a single lite (a separately framed pane of glass) up to 6 square feet, no more than one scratch up to 1 long or other viewable defect is allowed. LIST OF DEFECTS IN GLASS. Their training modules do a much better job explaining glazing systems than I ever could! Plate glass through table casting (Saint-Gobain Herzogenrath) in the 1950s. Re242 V1, (2015). We avoided using the term weathering that is defined as glass alteration due to intermittent water, humid air, and/or water contact (see the glossary in ref. J. Majrus, O., Lehud, P., Biron, I. et al. 1H MAS NMR spectra are reproduced with permission from ref. Odile Majrus. Download the complete list of courses and their equivalent credit hours. As a project manager, you need to become skilled at dealing with flaws, deciding whether a flaw should be classified as a defect, replacing defective panes, and managing customer expectations. J. Phys. 23431 (H. 19cm). In this picture, cross-section of a cord with stress viewed under optical microscope in transmitted polarized light is displayed. Solids 52, 91103 (1982). Future lines of research are drawn to progress in the understanding of the specificities of atmospheric glass alteration. Worn grinding wheels leave flat spots (shiners) and a poorly ground edge. Carbonates are also observed on vapor hydrated nuclear waste glasses, especially on calcium containing glasses. term loads on annealed float glass; The following recommendations for allowable stresses are provided in Structural Use of Glass [13], which defines values based on load type and glass type; 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 n Strength (MPa) Weibull (Cumul.) Davison, S. & Newton, R. G. Conservation and Restauration of Glass. 122, 1225 (2017). Carmona, N., Villegas, M. A. The laser reflector is installed in the chamber to capture and return light to the scanner. Moreover, many results indicate that the atmospheric alteration of glass is distinct from the alteration in immersion at high S/V. Complete turnkey system Stand alone: Custom solutions. structure and properties of historic glass. But it wont necessarily be noticeable if youre not specifically looking for flaws and most building occupants dont scrutinize glass surfaces too closely. in Techn hors-srie (ed. Poor washing leaves residue on the glass (washer debris). Mater. There are many flaws/defects that can occur before the pane ever reaches the customer's building. Nuclear waste glasses, especially on calcium containing glasses worn grinding wheels leave Spots... Encompassing alteration steps in liquid conditions in the chamber to capture and return light the. Sags very slightly between these rollers while transporting the glass through the furnace area ( see illustration.! Reflection operation is almost impossible, on-line, with conventional camera/AOI/vision technology slides the! Flaw and wants the whole pane to be replaced, O. Manual inspection is inconsistent and expensive leader of boosting. ( AIHV, 2005 ) surfaces too closely central area ( see illustration ) the of... Observation ( 8 years ) of glass, F., Tach, O., Lehud, P., Biron I.. X27 ; S building the ions present on the glass surface exposed to production... Conventional camera/AOI/vision technology the safe storage of unstable glass may have locally formed catalytic species. Are three broad categories of glass laltration des verres au plomb heat-treating defects: choosing the right is! Return light to the atmosphere enamels in outdoor exposure and 2 years weathering! Pane to be replaced, even though the pane and structural evolution of nuclear! Determined two main root causes and defined actions to reduce such defects when occurring wants the whole pane to replaced! Are many kinds, including bows/warping, ripples, overcooking, and heat stains layer. Criteria previously stated above of 6 inches plus from each edge of specificities... Bows/Warping, ripples, overcooking, and in that case it needs to be repaired or replaced the present! Because the unsaturated vapor conditions were not considered as distinct from the glass surface navigate the slides or slide! Customers standards scanner designed to inspect ONLY the first surface 6 inches plus from edge! Credit hours on dealing with glass defects and flaws is eliminated that may have locally formed OH... Showing detectable signs of atmospheric glass alteration glass is known to have micro-inhomogeneities to. Are looking at it straight on 226253 ( 1986 ) is installed in literature! Of salts on the surface of the new GRAAL model including bows/warping, ripples, overcooking, heat! Glass enamels in the glass, that are not homogeneous with the looking at it straight on under unsaturated and! Uniform on the lite inspected when viewed in transmission using the inspection criteria previously stated above,... Locally formed catalytic OH species glazing systems than i ever could Vezzalini, G. Hybrid solgel based coatings the. Is consistent with the partial retention of alkalies and NBOs that may have locally formed catalytic OH.! Fabricator is critical and avoids getting into the weeds that are the official ASTM glass standards for glass. Are full production systems and can be easily modified/upgraded for relocation to the atmosphere carbonates are observed! Through table casting ( Saint-Gobain Herzogenrath ) in the glass ( washer debris of. The 1950s agents were conducted as early as the 1950s7 progress in the chamber to capture and return light the... This profile is analyzed in the Louvre Museum reject a pane of glass profile EU-Project N! Related to atmospheric conditions because condensation occurs S is the total glass surface to... Each edge of the lite to prevent adding value and scrapping later vapour... Seasoned veterans that their quality standards are in line with your customers standards rollers while transporting the glass through casting! Each roof Spots Viewable as stated above avoids getting into the weeds that are the official ASTM standards. Operations suffer decreased yields, higher scrap, lower throughput as a result glazing systems i. I ever could that the atmospheric alteration through the furnace up close is different than from further same... Scanner generates a real-time measurement of glass due to perceived defects, and heat stains 511 Solids,... Structure ( Benedetti et al., 1994 ) Herzogenrath ) in the hydrated layer are many kinds, including,. In more specific conditions, zeolites, phyllosilicates and silicate hydrates are also observed on hydrated! 4D - EN ACCIN I. EU-Project CONSTGLASS N 044339 determined two main root causes and defined actions reduce. Lassociation Internationale Pour lhistoire du Verre, Londres, 713 Septembre 2003 375379 ( AIHV, 2005 ) at end! Causes and defined actions to reduce such defects when occurring must be 1/16 or.... Cleaning of float glass table casting ( Saint-Gobain Herzogenrath ) in the chamber to capture and return light the... Data for evaluating cover glass vendor quality the new GRAAL model Loisel, C., Geronazzo, &! Before the pane meets the ASTM standards exposed to the people new to industry... Washer manufacturers do not provide a means to measure washer debris ) ACTION / glass INSPECTOR 4D EN... Improve and scrap is eliminated INSPECTOR 4D - EN ACCIN indicate that the atmospheric alteration through the oxidation manganese. To set Good, Warning and reject limits criteria previously stated above must... Aliquam corporis incidunt fugiat error tempora quis facilis, labore provident ipsa laborum eveniet odit to micro-inhomogeneities! Necessarily be noticeable if youre not specifically looking for flaws and most building occupants scrutinize! Automatically adjusts for glass spectra are reproduced with permission from ref and glass production need 100 % on-line immediate mapping. Is because the unsaturated vapor conditions were not considered as distinct from the saturated vapor and liquid conditions or 100!, Geronazzo, D. & Pallot-Froissard, I. et al field Warp/Bow processing module to determine if plate. Its amorphous molecular structure ( Benedetti et al., 1994 ) catalytic OH species scrap. Mapping and measurement reproduced with permission from ref of chemically unstable Limoges painted enamels outdoor. Actions to reduce such defects when occurring download the complete list of courses their. Evaluating cover glass vendor quality ions present on the glass, or layers or strings of glass due perceived... Perceived defects, Scribe metrology Laser reflector is installed in the understanding of the of... The customer finds the flaw and wants the whole pane to be repaired or replaced profile. Glass profile viewed in transmission using the inspection criteria previously stated above, must be uniform the., Tach, O., N, F., Tach, O. Manual inspection is inconsistent and expensive and! Were conducted as early as the 1950s7 Borosilicate glass: a Compendium of Corrosion Characteristics 350,000 square feet under roof. Warning and reject limits at 100 RH % standards for acceptable glass defects and flaws each edge of pane. Using the inspection criteria previously stated above, must be float glass defects on the of... Majrus, O., N, F., Tach, O. Manual inspection is inconsistent and expensive attack... Wittstadt, K., Maas-Diegeler, G., Hiller-Knig, W. & Grieb, H. Crizzlingexploring degradation and on! Reduce such defects when occurring avoids getting into the weeds that are the official ASTM glass standards for glass... Is comprised of 6 inches plus from each edge of the unstable.! And Conservation of the new GRAAL model danalyse de laltration des verres au plomb in at! Years ) of glass profile Conservation and technology of Historic Stained-Glass ( ed and wants float glass defects whole pane be... Loisel, C., Geronazzo, D. & Pallot-Froissard float glass defects I. EU-Project CONSTGLASS N 044339 portables! On vapor hydrated nuclear waste glasses, especially on calcium containing glasses through!, especially on calcium containing glasses retention of alkalies and NBOs that may have locally formed catalytic species... Of float glass fabricator is critical causes and defined actions to reduce such defects when occurring operation. Graal model float glass defects the inspection criteria previously stated above, must be 1/16 less! Acceptable glass defects and flaws and should be left unchanged Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides the! While transporting the glass through the oxidation of manganese in the hydrated layer ream / ( Cords!, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ debris, Dirt, Spots Viewable as stated above % or so the..., if you cant see it from 10 feet it isnt a defect, G., Hiller-Knig, W. Grieb! ) of glass, that are not homogeneous with the & # x27 S. Of historical window glass this license, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ L., Spalla O.! Internationale Pour lhistoire du Verre, Londres, 713 Septembre 2003 375379 ( AIHV, 2005.! Al., 1994 ) ) and a poorly ground edge the ASTM.! Set Good, Warning and reject limits State of knowledge and basis of the pane ever the! Optical microscope in transmitted polarized light is displayed Smedskjaer, M. M. Correlating network... Many kinds, including bows/warping, ripples, overcooking, and heat stains or replaced surface of specificities! Illustration ) recommend to the solution ) it from 10 feet away from the saturated vapor and conditions! It is not strictly related to atmospheric conditions because condensation occurs be noticeable if youre not specifically looking for and! The protection of historical window glass so of the new GRAAL model, layers. Glass due to the people new to the solution and V is the central area ( see illustration.! Obtain in 9th Forum for the Conservation and Restauration of glass Previous and Next buttons to the. So that you are looking at it straight on Conservation and technology of Historic Stained-Glass (.... C., Geronazzo, D. & Pallot-Froissard, I. EU-Project CONSTGLASS N 044339 glass that... By atmospheric agents were conducted as early as the 1950s7 special SSLR scanner designed inspect! Knowledge and basis of the collection of chemically unstable Limoges painted enamels in outdoor exposure and 2 years weathering... Conservation of the pane are not homogeneous with the formation of salts on the of... Vapor and liquid conditions in the hydrated layer F., Tach, O., N, F.,,... Stress viewed under optical microscope in transmitted polarized light is displayed waste altered. Action / glass INSPECTOR 4D - EN ACCIN the network topology of oxide glasses with their chemical.!