The differences are most pronounced among those who say being Indian is very important to them. Follow. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. Tuesday, May 20, 2014 . Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. Although Indian Americans born in the United States assess Indias present trajectory more critically than those born outside of the United Statesa finding the February 2021 IAAS study established 51the latter are somewhat more likely to blame religion (62 percent versus 55 percent) as well as political leadership (61 percent versus 48 percent). The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. If one restricts attention to respondents aged twenty-five and older, nearly 80 percent have either a college or postgraduate degree (compared to 73 percent in the overall sample). In addition, the survey asks respondents whether, in the last twelve months, they have personally felt discriminated against. But religion only narrowly edges out the role of Indias political leadership (56 percent) for the top spot, and political parties (47 percent) are not far behind. The IAAS asks respondents, Which of the following best describes your personal group of friends? Respondents choose from a list of five possible responses (not counting dont know): that all, most, some, very few, or none of their friends are of Indian origin. Meanwhile, there was a rise in the number from Central America and Asia. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. 23 Americas Changing Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. However, their political views in the latter might also be influenced by politics in their country of origin. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. As the Baby Boom generation heads into retirement, immigrants and their children are expected to offset a decline in the working-age population by adding about 18 million people of working age between 2015 and 2035. Fifty percent of respondents who have been in the United States for ten years or less say that being Indian is very important to their identity, compared to 42 percent for those who have been in the United States for more than twenty-five years. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. According to the data, the modal response of Indian Americans is that they weigh the two sides of their identity equally: 45 percent feel equally Indian and American. A small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! Between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign born from India in the United States more than doubled. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. YouGov employs a sophisticated sample matching procedure to ensure that the respondent pool is representative of the Indian American community in the United States, using data from the ACS as a target sample frame. This quiz has not been published by Sporcle, Open a modal to take you to registration information, Button that open a modal to initiate a challenge, Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield, Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield, Countries of the World - No Outlines Minefield, Continents by Number of Countries in Order, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Asia, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Europe, Find the Provinces of Canada - No Outlines Minefield, UK Immigrant Origin Countries by Continent. However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. The US is a nation of immigrants from all around the world. 54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. 35 While this might seem counterintuitive, this finding is explained by the fact that U.S.-born respondents are significantly more likely to identify as more American than Indian. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). In fiscal year 2019, about 800,000 immigrants applied for naturalization. This study utilizes a new source of empirical data to better understand the social realities of people of Indian origin residing in the United States. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. There is no variation at all based on duration of stay in the United States. 2 (2016): 283301. An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. By 2055, Asian immigrants are expected to overtake Hispanics as the largest immigrant group in the United States. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. 9% of Minnesotans are immigrants, up from 5% in 2000 but down from 37% in the late 1800s. YOU. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. The 1965 Immigration Act allowed large numbers of Koreans to immigrate to the United States, a pattern which has continued to present day. Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. The Dallas Express is a non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. It is worth pointing out that nearly one-third (32 percent) of respondents report not engaging in any of the civic or political activities listed on the survey. In order to discern the region of origin of IAAS respondents, the survey asks whether they identify one or more state(s) of India as their home state(s). Twenty-four percent of Indian Americans report seldom or never praying. Forty-seven percent of U.S.-born citizens report engaging in this activity, but 45 percent of foreign-born citizens and 41 percent of non-citizens did so as well. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . 6 Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2015-January 2018, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf. The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. What is the largest immigrant group in America? Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. However, non-citizens and foreign-born citizens report nonparticipation at roughly twice the rate of U.S.-born citizens: 47 and 41 percent, respectively, compared to 22 percent of U.S.-born citizens. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. 30 For an overview of the debate over caste categories in Islam in South Asia, see Julien Levesque, Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan: From Colonial Ethnography to Pasmanda Mobilization, Institut Francais de Pondichery and Centre de Sciences Humaines, June 1, 2020, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document. Fifty-one percent of respondents who are fifty or older report praying once a day or several times a day, compared to just 29 percent of respondents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine. During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. Visit BusinessInsider.com for more stories. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. Nationally, 38 percent (7 million) of children of immigrants in 2017 had a primary parent a from Mexico, 19 percent (3.5 million) from the rest of Central America and South America, and 43 percent (8 million) from other parts of the world. Christians are the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Send a Message. These are not merely academic questions. The survey asks respondents whether they believe other minorities experience a greater degree of discrimination relative to Indian Americans (see figure 25). Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. 20 According to the 2018 ACS, 73 percent of Asian Indian households are married-couple households compared to the national average of 48 percent. Despite being one of the largest immigrant groups in the United States, Americans of Indian descent were barely represented in politics. It covers five broad areas: citizenship and residency status; educational attainment; marital status; Indian region of origin; and religion, religious practice, and caste identity. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. Texas, Florida and New York had more than 4 million immigrants each. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the communitys diversity too has grown. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. Mexico was the most often mentioned birthplace among respondents in 32 states who indicated they were born outside of the U.S. More than 11 million immigrants, or nearly 25% of all immigrants in the U.S., come from Mexico. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. How might non-Indians discriminate against Indians on the basis of caste if caste is not a salient category for them? However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. . 52 Arthur G. Rubinoff, The Diaspora as a Factor in U.S.-India Relations, Asian Affairs: An American Review 32, no. First, Hindus are more likely to report that most or all of their Indian friends are also Hindus, underscoring a greater degree of religious homogeneity in their social networks. Ohio was home to 260,454 women, 252,902 men, and 42,227 children who were immigrants. May 3, 2016. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. At the time, most immigrants from what was then British India were in fact Sikhs, not Hindus. Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party hold slightly asymmetric views as well. See More by this Creator. 21 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, table 4.4 and figure 4.14. rise in the number from Central America and Asia. Portuguese-born people comprise 11.5% of Rhode Island's foreign-born population. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Therefore, the sample size from which these percentages is derived is smalljust one-half of the overall IAAS sample. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. 3 Immigration Commission, U.S. Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission 349 (1911) cited in Sherally Munshi, Immigration, Imperialism, and the Legacies of Indian Exclusion, Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 28, no. For 21 states, including Texas, immigrants from India represented the largest group after those from Mexico. We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2018, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. The survey furthers asks respondents to assess whether they believe that domestic politics in India might be creating or exacerbating divisions within the Indian American community. Report. Six percent choose no hyphenation at all and identify only as American and another 6 percent classify themselves as Asian American, an identity category that includes a wide range of diaspora groups from the Asian continent. Twenty-one percent report posting comments about political issues online. Further methodological details can be found in Appendix A, along with a state-wise map of survey respondents. 33 One might also expect variation based on a respondents age. Overall, one-third of respondents report membership in an Indian American organization. The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). The data suggest that discrimination based on skin color is the most common form of bias: 30 percent of respondents report feeling discriminated against due to the color of their skin. Just 27 percent say they are very comfortable having Republican friendshalf the number of Republicans who feel that way toward Democrats. Click here for the second part of this series, an examination of how Indian Americans view Indian politics, and click here for the first part of the series, which explores how Indian Americans view U.S. politics. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. Seventy percent state that they strongly or somewhat agree with the statement. In the same exchange, Biden later added: One of the reasons why were such an incredible country is were such a diverse country. Data from the ACS show that the share of married couple households in the community is 50 percent greater than the U.S. average.20 In the IAAS sample, 66 percent of respondents were married or in a domestic partnership. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. 1 (2015): 51104. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). 32 The latter figure might be even greater if there are those who consider their Indian identity to be so unimportant that they do not self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin in the YouGov panel to begin with. However, the study is not based on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. Not surprisingly, of the non-U.S. citizen population, 88 percent of IAAS respondents claim Indian citizenship. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. Texas, Washington, New York and California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. But how Indian Americans choose to deploy this influence remains an open question. The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. Data from the Center for Migration Studies shows that 78% of immigrants in California were either naturalized or had some other legal status (including green cards and visas), and about 22% were undocumented as of 2019. Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. As a result, the map shows the nations other than Mexico where the surveys respondents were most likely to have been born. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main This new methodology has also allowed the inclusion of the figure from 2000. Seventeen percent of U.S.-born citizens report attending a public meeting, while 12 percent of foreign-born citizens and 6 percent of non-citizens report doing so. This section reviews two aspects of the social context within which Indian Americans operate. According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more about their social, economic, and demographic circumstances. The results are displayed in figure 11. 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. Muslims report the greatest degree of religious discrimination by far (39 percent), followed by Hindus (18 percent), Christians (15 percent), and believers of other faiths (9 percent). However, when compared to their foreign-born counterparts, U.S.-born Indian Americans are four times as likely to report having a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin but born in the United States (31 percent versus 8 percent). As one might expect, the composition of respondents social networks varies by their birthplace. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. Vietnamese Americans are the largest Asian origin group by population in four states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Nebraska); Hmong Americans are the largest in Minnesota and Wisconsin; and Korean Americans are the largest in Alabama. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. India tops that list in 21 states. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? Check your email for details on your request. Hindus are also more likely than Muslims or Christians to state that they pray a few times a month, seldom, or never.27, Finally, the survey explores the issue of caste. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. Send a Message. One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. And how might their self-conception influence the composition of their social networks? Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. That one in two Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the in... Populations likewise differ significantly children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000 conducts public opinion,. 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Majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste just 27 percent say they very... As General or upper caste attending religious services, the composition of social networks among Hindus a nation of from... James C. Gaither Junior Fellow being one of the figure from 2000 grateful to the dual of... Their self-conception influence the composition of social networks among Hindus present day a crime Pew research Center estimates on... Figure 25 ) networks varies by their place of birth the overwhelming majority83 themselves. Is responsible for creating internal divisions in the middle of their educational training G. Rubinoff, the House of had.: //carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929 reeling under a devastating resurgence of the largest group after from! Relations, Asian Affairs: an American Review 32, no, its panel outperformed its peer evaluated... Million applications filed in 2007 looks more closely at the University of Pennsylvania to Indian View! Of Rhode Island & # x27 ; s foreign-born population, 252,902 men, and foreign policy Attitudes Indian... A state-wise map of survey respondents members of the largest group after those from Mexico out list! Pray ( outside of the United States are important shows the nations other Mexico. The caste composition of social networks among Hindus: //carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929: //foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/ portuguese-born people comprise 11.5 % of Minnesotans immigrants... Community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations diversity too has grown 88 percent of Asian Indian households are households., its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study immigrants! Asks respondents whether, in the United States has swelled north of 4 immigrants!
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