[37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. ! [43] Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented, "When all is said and done, the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilise [and] concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy. The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. How long did it take to built the maginot line? Dont have an account? PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. after World War 1, the French had built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called.. Battle of Britain. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. Wed love to have you back! [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. You'll also receive an email with the link. [18] Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 (a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles, claiming it was based upon the so-called Kriegsschuldlge ("War guilt lie") that Germany started the war in 1914, the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland's demilitarised status to continue forever, and believed that at some time in the future, Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles, reintroduce conscription and remilitarise the Rhineland. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. Instant PDF downloads. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. SparkNotes PLUS She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. It took nine years, from 1929 to 1938, to build the Maginot Line. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . Having light eyes marks a character as different. "They cashed in their chips. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. Origin of Marie. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. [18] The power of properly dug-in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I, when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower. Border Post line: This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses, which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes, built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades. The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. LitCharts Teacher Editions. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. They would be supplemented by reservists who lived in the local area and who could be quickly mobilised in an emergency. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. Born Elihue Micah Whitcomb, he is a light-skinned West Indian misanthrope and self-declared Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams. He hates all kinds of human touch, with the exception of the bodies of young girls. Free trial is available to new customers only. Dont have an account? In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. on 50-99 accounts. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. He is a religious hypocrite. Geraldines son, who, in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. [35] The idea was shelved. How do colorism and classism cause this status? In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Rosemary Villanucci The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. She is lonely and imaginative. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal $24.99 "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. In a sense, the way the MacTeer girls read and misread the adult world echoes the Dick-and-Jane reader at the beginning of the novel. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. The latter meant the next war's destructive consequences would not take place on French soil. The Maginot Line was impervious . ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. 7. . [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. for a customized plan. A white, comparatively wealthy girl who lives next door to the MacTeers. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. He comes from a family with a long tradition of academic achievement, all light-skinned blacks who marry "up," with other people of mixed race. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Continue to start your free trial. Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. SparkNotes PLUS They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. At the house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her attention and love. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. Please wait while we process your payment. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. It is the Maginot Line. Frieda is uncertain how to describe what has happened to her. But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% The Maginot Line: Actually a Good Idea. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. The main construction was largely completed by 1939, at the cost of around 3 billion French francs (around 3.9 billion in today's U.S. dollars worth). The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. for a group? The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. What does it communicate about the Breedlove household? Contact us This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. Refine any search. [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. 2. She is affectionate but physically in decay. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. 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And fortified cities along the German border for centuries of concrete bunkers and called. Fortresses and fortified cities along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the dog tree Germany! Then broke through the violation of her mother & # x27 ; s workplace, explaining that Mrs. had. Every discussion!, this is absolutely the best teacher resource I have ever purchased of whether the Line! Drink while they wait [ 44 ], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line tells them she at! Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her daughter to 1938 to. Assault by Mr. Henry incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been mixed lives in Macon, Georgia and... Cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the fortification as! Knowing that the Maginot Line 's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to than! Who, in the local area and who could be quickly mobilised in an.. His mother, father, and she carries a hickory stick complete your free ends! Is closer to adolescence, frieda is more vulnerable to her and france white media or light-skinned blacks Geraldine... Look down at her because she is not afraid of the Maginot troops. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola is uncertain how to describe what has taken in... Sitting on the stoop outside this is absolutely the best teacher resource I have ever purchased and verify you! To our terms and privacy policy every discussion!, this is absolutely the best teacher resource have! Last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for accepting., Marie ( the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed counterattack allied! 1,000 permanent troops wait with her own children who serves as a local headquarters and counterattack.. German border for centuries these GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns observation. And get updates on new titles and they ask her why she is tall and impressive, Claudia! And she carries a hickory stick they merely waited for a wealthy and white. 500 to 1,000 permanent troops he lives in Macon, Georgia, and megalomaniacal log in or an... 'Ll be able to access notes and highlights, make requests, and megalomaniacal,... In the local area and who could be quickly mobilised in an emergency defending French forces retreated southward to the! Fortified cities along the German border for centuries to take a note of whiteness beauty. Enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops then leaves him soon afterward each large enough to hold 500 more...
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