On 22 October 1991 units and formations of the Soviet Armed Forces on Ukrainian soil were nationalized. [50] Former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych considered the level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient. While Russia is still the superior military power and would almost certainly prevail, Ukraines defense forces could inflict significant damage on Russian troops, according to an analysis by the Atlantic Council, a non-partisan think tank based in Washington. The military police (named the Military Law Enforcement Service of the Ukrainian Armed Forces ( ), abbreviated VSP () in Ukrainian) is a special military service outside General Staff control and subordinated directly to the Ministry of Defence. Ukraine's military still has several strategic vulnerabilities, including gaps in key operational and combat capabilities. Flip. Ukraine has given no official total of soldiers killed during the war. One year in, the US has allocated nearly $115 billion in emergency funding to support Ukraine in wartime. [37] During this time Ukraine's military-industrial complex also began to develop new indigenous weapons for the armed forces like the T-84 tank, the BMP-1U, the BTR-3, KrAZ-6322, and the Antonov An-70. Most of Felidae-named formations (such as Bars, Jaguar, others) along with Berkut were reformed. Russia has lost 70,000+ troops in Ukraine, Pentagon says. Like other Soviet republics, it did not possess its own separate military command, as all military formations were uniformly subordinated to the central command of the Armed Forces of the USSR. But in terms of how many troops are in this particular operation, Yohann Michel, a research analyst who worked on the IISS report, said Russia had an estimated 200,000 personnel in and around Ukraine. 3046th Central Base for Engineer Ammunitions (MU 2647), Center for Special Engineering Works (MU 1333), Kyiv, NBC Surveillance and Analysis Center, Kyiv, 536th Central Base for Repair and Maintenance of NBC Defence Equipment (MU 0312), Seleshtina-1, Poltava Oblast, Central Directorate for Radio-Electronic Warfare of the UAF (MU 0159), Kyiv, 55th Special EW Center (MU 0766), Kyiv and, Central Directorate for Military Topography and Navigation of the UAF (MU 0115), Kyiv, 8th Publishing Center of the UAF (MU 0602), Kyiv, 13th Photogrammetric Center (MU 3674), Odesa, Odesa Oblast, 16th Planning Center for Navigation Support (MU 1423), Kyiv, 22nd Military Mapping Unit (MU 1121), Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast. These U.S. personnel are some of the first the Pentagon has Recognizing the complications of a smooth transition and seeking a consensus with other former members of the Soviet Union in dividing up their Soviet military inheritance, Ukraine joined ongoing talks that started in December 1991[26] regarding a joint military command of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[27]. They are not what they were in 2014, said Jim Townsend, a former U.S. deputy assistant secretary of defense. [56] However, following the Russo-Ukrainian War and parliamentary elections in October 2014, the new government made joining NATO a priority. [65] Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov reinstated conscription in May 2014. The Armed Forces of Ukraine (Ukrainian: ), most commonly known in Ukraine as ZSU (Ukrainian: ) or anglicized as AFU, are the military forces of Ukraine. Previously, a National Guard had existed up until 2000, so the 2014 NG was a reformation of the one raised in 1991, but this time formed part of the Internal Troops of Ukraine. Russia has massed more than 100,000 troops at Ukraines borders, officials said, publicly confirming what intelligence analysts have described for weeks. Ukraine received about 30% of the Soviet military industry, which included between 50 and 60 percent of all Ukrainian enterprises, employing 40% of its working population. [29], Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited two divisions of the Strategic Rocket Forces' 43rd Rocket Army (HQ Vinnytsia): the 19th Rocket Division (Khmelnytskyi) (90 UR-100N/SS-19/RS-18) and the 46th Rocket Division at Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast, equipped with 40 SS-19 and 46 silo-mounted RT-23 Molodets/SS-24s. Counterincursion and Counterterror Department (, 138th Special Purpose Center (Counterincursion and Counterterror), 307th Disciplinary Battalion of the VPS (MU 0488), Kyiv, 25th Training Center of the VSP (MU 1666), Lviv, Lviv Oblast, Zhytomyr Zonal Unit (AOR: Zhytomyr Oblast), Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast, Poltava Zonal Unit (AOR: Poltava and Sumy Oblasts), Poltava, Poltava Oblast, Cherkasy Zonal Unit (AOR: Cherkasy Oblast), Cherkasy, Cherkasy Oblast, Chernihiv Zonal Unit (AOR: Chernihiv Oblast), Chernihiv, Chernihiv Oblast, 3rd Special Unit (MU 2736), Lviv, Lviv Oblast, Rivne Zonal Unit (AOR: Rivne and Volyn Oblasts), Rivne, Rivne Oblast. [85] However, due to the Russo-Ukrainian War, conscription, as well as a partial mobilization, was reinstated in 2014. Due to the ongoing conflict with Russia, another generation of veterans has appeared in Ukraine. The logistical forces are mainly organised in two arms Weaponry and Rear Services. Within the reporting period of 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018 the OHCHR monitoring mission documented 115 cases of credible allegations of human rights violations committed by both sides of the conflict since 2014. ", " :: 78 (273274), 2016:: :: Universum", Ukraines Toughest Fight: The Challenge of Military Reform, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018, NATO confirms readiness for Ukraine's joining organization, NATO membership for Georgia and Ukraine held off, Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration Poroshenko, Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO, "New Ukraine Coalition Agreed, Sets NATO As Priority", Ukraine Ends Nonaligned Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, Spotlight: Scrapping non-aligned status paves Ukraine's way to NATO, fuels Russia's wrath, Yatseniuk: Ukrainian army to switch to contract service, de facto become part of NATO, "Ukrainian leader calls for revamp of peace process to end Donbas war", "Ukraine's New Offensive Is Fueled by Captured Russian Weapons", "Ukraine to end military conscription after autumn call-ups", Ukraine reinstates conscription as crisis deepens, "Ukraine battles persist before cease-fire deadline; 25 dead", "Ukraine has one million ready for fightback to recapture south | Worl", Ukase of the President of Ukraine #555/2015: About decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine of 2 September 2015 "About new edition of the Ukrainian military doctrine" ( 555/2015: 2 2015 " "), ", , ", " ", " | ", "Kozhara: Hetman Sahaidachny frigate to join NATO's anti-piracy operation", "Ukraine's navy barely recovering from its near-death experience", " () ", "Official website of National Defense University of Ukraine", The Defense Ministry told which areas of shortage of recruits, "Ukrainian Parliament Recommends Resumption Of Mandatory Conscription", "Ukraine to spend five percent of 2015 budget on defense and security", "Draft law No. The U.S. has already spent billions of dollars to help Ukraine build up its military defenses, an investment that's likely to escalate dramatically if Russia invades. Due to the decommunization process in Ukraine, all these decorations were removed from unit titles and regimental colours by 15 November 2015 to cease promotion and glorification of the Soviet symbols. [16] At that time, the former Soviet armed forces in the Ukrainian SSR included the 43rd Rocket Army, the 5th, 14th 17th and 24th Air Armies of the Soviet Air Forces, an air-defense army (8th Air Defence Army), three regular armies, two tank armies, the 32nd Army Corps, and the Black Sea Fleet. ", "Avakov announces large-scale "cleansing" among generals", " ", " ", "EU Naval Force Admiral Visits Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachny", " ", "UN Mission's Contributions by Country for September 2010", "DR Congo: UN peacekeeping mission receives tactical helicopters from Ukraine", "Helicopter May Land Ukraine's Military in Hot Water With U.N.", "Ukrainian Government Rushes to Dampen Secessionist Sentiment", "Ukraine 'preparing withdrawal of troops from Crimea', "President: The words "Glory to Ukraine! Alongside the combat actions, the influx of Western weapons and materiel to the Armed Forces from NATO member armed forces, ex-Soviet stock from many Eastern European nations as well as captured Russian tanks, armed vehicles and other weapons[63] have also resulted in an ongoing modernization and expansion of the forces at large. [99], For the first time in 27 years, a battalion of 120 female military personnel, comprising cadets from the Taras Shevchenko National University Military Institute and the Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technologies, participated in the Kyiv Independence Day Parade in August 2018. [40], Though the military was well-equipped, it still experienced lack of funds particularly for training and exercises, which led to a number of incidents with one notable one being the Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 of 2001 the other Sknyliv airshow disaster of 2002. Ukraines military is better trained, better equipped and more battle-tested than it was eight years ago, experts say. Ukraine and NATO estimate that 2.5 million tons of conventional ammunition were left in Ukraine as the Soviet military withdrew, as well as more than 7 million rifles, pistols, mortars, and machine guns. They tra [78], Signals and Cybernetic Security Troops Command (MU 0106), Kyiv. November 01, 2022 Ryan Morgan. The armed forces' military high school is located in Kyiv the Ivan Bohun Military High School. Ukraine has been playing an increasingly larger role in peacekeeping operations. [118], In 2017, Ukraine's National Security Strategy foresaw that its National Security and Defense budget should be at least 5% of Ukraine's GDP. A list can be seen at List of guards units of Ukraine. [47], A late 2017-early 2018 United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine reported that human rights abuses allegedly committed by Ukrainian security forces and armed groups remained an ongoing issue of the war in Donbas that erupted in 2014. Some 10,000 to 20,000 troops comprising the Ukrainian army in Bakhmut are now trapped. All Ukrainian defence sector was heavily affected by the systemic corruption which is hindering its capacity to perform the tasks of national security. A Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the multinational force in Iraq under Polish command. Ukraines military forces total 215,000 active personnel (of which 125,000 make up the permanent army) and 220,000 reservists, a figure that rises to almost (, Source old early 1990s notes, but corroboration available for example at, Wolchik, p.75, 91, original newspaper sources include Kyivska Pravda, 10 November 1992, in FBIS-SOV, 2 December 1992, 18, and. [needs update]. These were disbanded in 2013 and reorganized as Operation Command West, Operation Command North and Operation Command South. Origins of the post-1992 Ukrainian Armed Forces, Attempt at reforms and constant fund shortages. World War II veterans, and even persons who have lived through the war are generally treated with the highest respect. When Ukraine gained its independence, it retained the policy of conscription, although the time in service was reduced to 18 months in the navy and one year in all other services. [128] 2016 also saw a 30% increase in weapons development spending. Ukraine ratified the treaty in 1994, and as of 1 January 1996, no military nuclear equipment or materials remained on Ukrainian territory. Operation Command East was formed in 2015 to coordinate forces in the war in Donbas. [67] In July 2022, Defense Minister Resnikov stated that the Armed Forces had an active strength of 700,000; Resnikov also mentioned that with the Border Guard, National Guard, and police added, the total comes to around one million. Where Russia has 900,000 active personnel in its armed forces, and 2 million in reserve, Ukraine has Military units of other countries have participated regularly in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian forces in Ukraine. metres in the district of their registration. ), Odesa, Odesa Oblast, 38th Military Hospital (MU 4615), Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, 61st Military Hospital (MU 0318), Mariupol, Mariupol Oblast, 450th Military Hospital (MU 3309), Zaporizhzhia, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, 1467th Military Hospital (MU 2428), Mykolaiv, Mykolaiv Oblast, 1644th Medical Storage (MU 4619), Hrushyvka village, Mykolaiv Oblast, Military Medical Clinical Center of the Northern Region (MU 3306), Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast, 65th Mobile Military Hospital (MU 0209), Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast, 9th Military Hospital (MU 4302), Desna, Chernihiv Oblast, 387th Garrison Military Hospital (MU 3114), Poltava, Poltava Oblast, 407th Military Hospital (MU 3120), Chernihiv, Chernihiv Oblast, Military Medical Clinical Center of the Western Region, Lviv, Lviv Oblast, 66th Mobile Military Hospital (MU 0233), Lviv, Lviv Oblast, 376th Military Hospital (MU 1028), Chernivtsi, Chernivtsi Oblast, 498th Military Hospital (MU 4554), Lutsk, Volyn Oblast, 1121st Policlinic, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, 1129th Garrison Military Hospital (MU 1446), Rivne, Rivne Oblast, 1397th Military Hospital (MU 1047), Mukachevo, Zakarpattia Oblast, Central Sanitary Epidemiologic Directorate (MU 2417), Kyiv, 10th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU 0972), Kyiv, 27th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU 4502), Odesa, Odesa Oblast, 28th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU 4520), Lviv, Lviv Oblast, 108th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU 4510), Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast, 740th Regional Sanitary Epidemiologic Detachment (MU 4516), Vinnytsia, Vinnytsia Oblast, Center for Legal Expertise of the MoD, Kyiv, 148th Center for Maintenance and Storage of Medical Equipment (MU 0211), Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast, 149th Center for Maintenance and Storage of Medical Equipment (MU 0503), Berdychiv, Zhytomyr Oblast, 150th Center for Maintenance and Storage of Medical Equipment (MU 1209), Tokmak, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, 151st Center for Maintenance and Storage of Medical Equipment (MU 2554), Terentyivka, Poltava Oblast, 2160th Central Medical Storage (MU 1382), Mankhivka, Cherkasy Oblast, 4962nd Central Medical Storage (MU 1952), Kyiv. [91], In the autumn of 2016, longer deployment of mobilized servicemen to combat area in the east of Ukraine was ceased. Medical departments of the ground forces, air force, navy, air assault troops, special forces, territorial defence, support forces, logistic forces, signals and cyber-security, etc. Pentagon prepares: 8,500 troops on alert as Biden consults with European allies on Ukraine. [97], Women have also joined the various volunteer territorial defense battalions before the order for women's integration in the armed forces was enacted. [59] The Ukrainian military is since transforming to NATO standards. [128] From the total, 60% was budgeted to be spent on defence and 40% on security and policing. [99] Contractual military service accounted for almost 44% of women. At first, Ukraine only gave benefits posthumously to family members, as there was no legal framework to account for the veterans, moreover, members of territorial defense battalions were not eligible for benefits at all. [33] As of 2014, much of this surplus had not been scrapped. Logistical Forces Command of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (MU 0307), Kyiv. In August[specify], a law was passed granting all service members participating in the war in Donbas the status of veterans, five months after first hostilities broke out in Crimea, the territorial defense battalions were integrated into the National Guard making them part of Ukraine's forces, thus allowing their volunteers to receive veteran status.[163][164]. [111], On 19 January 2015, Ukraine's 18th separate helicopter detachment along with other MONUSCO troops carried out a successful operation eliminating 2 camps belonging to illegal armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The United States has appropriated approximately $115 The Chief of the General Staff oversees the Armed Forces of Ukraine. According to an associate of the Conflict Studies Research Centre, James Sherr: "This grouping, its inventory of equipment and its officer corps was designed for one purpose: to wage combined arms, coalition, offensive (and nuclear) warfare against NATO on an external front". This was the first time in history that a country voluntarily gave up the use of strategic nuclear weapons, although South Africa was dismantling its small tactical nuclear weapons program at about the same time. Contributing: Joey Garrison, Karina Zaiets, Stephen J. Veterans of the war in Donbas are eligible for receiving apartments (if staying in active duty) or a land plot for building purposes of 1,000 sq. [13] In 2021, Ukraine's Armed Forces, now numbering 246,445 (including 195,626 military personnel), was the second largest in the region after the Russian Armed Forces.[14]. Ukraine has 250,000 active-duty troops, plus another 290,000 reserve personnel and 50,000 paramilitary units that could be activated in a conflict with Russia. Russia would probably attack Ukraine from different directions, forcing Ukraine to split up its forces to confront the advancing troops, Townsend said. Corruption remains a problem, funding is limited because of the general economic conditions in the country, and many important weapons purchases have been placed on the back burner not because of a lack of will but because of a lack of funding, the councils analysis concluded. [94] However, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has upended these plans, along with massive popular mobilization into the Territorial Defence Forces. All military and security forces, including the Armed Forces, are under the command of the President of Ukraine and subject to oversight by a permanent Verkhovna Rada parliamentary commission. Ukraine was completely unprepared for war when Russia invaded Crimea in 2014. Ukraine was a leader in missile-related technology,[166] navigation electronics for combat vessels and submarines, guidance systems, and radar for military jets, heavy armoured vehicles. [38], The cancellation of the modernization program left a question of how to provide jobs in the military industrial complex which then comprised a double-digit percentage of the GDP. [109], Since 1997, Ukraine has been working closely with NATO and especially with Poland. The Ukrainian Air Defence Forces were a military branch responsible for anti-aircraft warfare from 1991 until it was merged with the Air Force in 2004. In 2016 defense expenditures amounted to $4.4 billion, or 5% of the GDP. This downsizing occurred purely for financial reasons, with the Ukrainian economy in recession this was a way to shrink the government (defense) expenditure and at the same time release hundreds of thousands of young people into the private sector to stimulate growth. The U.S. is sending weapons to Ukraine through third-party transfers, in which NATO members provide U.S.-made weapons. [49] The branch is an expansion of the old territorial defence battalions system estabilished on 2014. 223247, Kuzio, T., "Ukrainian Armed Forces in Crisis,", Kuzio, T., "The organization of Ukraine's forces,", Ben Lombardia, "Ukrainian armed forces: Defence expenditure and military reform,", Walter Parchomenko, "Prospects for Genuine Reform in Ukraine's Security Forces,", Brigitte Sauerwein, "Rich in Arms, Poor in Tradition,", J Sherr, "Ukraine: The Pursuit of Defence Reform in an Unfavourable Context," 2004, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. The formation of the national armed forces in the modern sense dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century and coincides with the formation of the modern Ukrainian nation. A number of countries have sent military equipment to Ukraine, including Javelin anti-tank missiles from Estonia and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles from Latvia and The first 16,000 are already on their way to protect freedom and life for us, and for all, Zelenskyy said in a video address posted on Facebook on Thursday. [72] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine resulted in massive increases in personnel numbers; Defence Minister Resnikov stated the armed forces had a strength of 700,000 in July 2022, not counting the border guard, national guard, or police. [44] These made their national debut on 24 August 2016, at the National Independence Day Silver Jubilee parade in Independence Square, Kyiv. Support Forces Command (Military Unit Number 2330), Kyiv. 292 allowed women to serve in combat units. The nature of the alleged crimes ranged from unlawful or arbitrary detention to torture, ill-treatment, and sexual violence. Already during the undeclared war, the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic was formed, but its formation was interrupted by the German administration. Other veterans are not as well known. She said the support she got from other teams was 'overwhelming. Ukraine also had two uranium mining and processing factories, a heavy water plant and technology for determining the isotopic composition of fissionable materials. It was possible to be drafted into non-Ministry of Defense military forces, such as the KGB Border Guards, the Militsiya, or the Internal Troops. ", "Ukraine's Defense Ministry presents new military uniform", " . However, this being closely linked to the low salary of such positions: men refuse to serve in these conditions while women accept them. [51] His predecessor Viktor Yushchenko had asked for Ukrainian membership by early 2008. The massive strike that killed at least 100 soldiers from a single Russian region, most of them mobilised to fight in Vladimir Putins invasion of Ukraine, exhibits [41], In the early months of the Russo-Ukrainian War, the Armed Forces were widely criticised for their poor equipment and inept leadership, forcing Internal Affairs Ministry forces like the National Guard and the territorial defence battalions to take on the brunt of the fighting in the first months of the war.[42][43]. This eventually resulted in uprisings against the Hetmanate rule, and the reorientation of the Central Powers, which lost World War I against the Entente, which in turn supported the White Guard movement and the Russian Empire as its original ally. Since gaining independence Ukraine has deployed troops to Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, as well as dedicating peacekeepers to UN missions to Africa (including helicopter units). In 2003 Ukraine completed its first set of reforms which were judged largely successful, with the personnel numbers stabilizing at 295,000 of which 90,000 were civilian contractors. Russia also has 378,000 reserve personnel and 250,000 paramilitary troops that it could call up in a conflict with its neighbor. ), Vinnytsia, Vinnytsia Oblast, 59th Mobile Military Hospital (MU 0206), Vinnytsia, Vinnytsia Oblast, 10th Military Hospital (MU 2339), Khmelnytskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, 409th Military Hospital (MU 1065), Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast, 762nd Military Hospital (MU 3122), Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast, ?th Military Hospital (MU 3267), Starokonstantyniv, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, 1314th Medical Storage (MU 1603), Balki village, Vinnytsia Oblast, Military Medical Clinical Center of the Southern Region (MU A???? [162] Despite Ukraine having the third-largest contingent of troops in Iraq in 2004, few also realize that their nation has many veterans of the Iraq War. [55], The interim Yatsenyuk Government which came to power, initially said, with reference to the country's non-aligned status, that it had no plans to join NATO. Export of new and modernized weapons on the world's arms markets was settled on as the best option, where Ukraine both tried to undercut the contracts of the Russian arms industry offering the same service for a cheaper price, and was willing to sell equipment to whoever was willing to pay (more than once to politically unstable or even aggressive regimes), causing negative reactions from both Western Europe and the United States federal government. Omega, Scorpion (nuclear sites security), Tytan, and others. Oleksii Reznikov, Ukraines defence minister, says the army has 700,000 personnel in hand, with police, border guards and gendarmerie bringing the total to a million. The total Ukrainian military deployment around the world as of 1 August 2009 was 540 servicemen participating in 8 peacekeeping missions. Latest news of Ukraine and world", Ukraine A Defence Sector Reform Assessment, "Ukraine's Toughest Fight: The Challenge of Military Reform", "In Ukraine, Corruption is Now Undermining the Military", "Ukraine Military Spending/Defense Budget 1993-2022", " ", " 2008 ", " , , , .ua ", " ", " 2013 1,15% Finance.ua", "-2015: , ", " -2017: () o ", " 2019 5,38% ", " 2021: ", "War forces Ukraine to divert $8.3 bln to military spending, tax revenue drops - minister", Ukrainian Navy to celebrate its holiday on first Sunday of July decree, Today, Ukrainian military intelligence officers celebrate their professional holiday, " | 14 October 2014 806/2014", " 380/2017 21 2017 " - ", "Poroshenko: 469 Ukrainian paratroopers killed in Donbas amid war", Festive fireworks and salutes to take place in 9 cities on Sunday, " ", " . The following units fall under the direct supervision of the General Staff: Apparatus [Office] of the Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv, Office of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv. [39] During this time 320 T-80 tanks were sold to Pakistan and an unfinished Soviet aircraft carrier the Varyag which today is known as the Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning. The lack of media coverage and censorship through the war also ensured that many still remain unaware of their nation's involvement in the conflict. 2003: $1.01 Billion (UAH 5.06 billion @5.0 exchange rate), 2004: $1.29 Billion (UAH 6.46 billion @5.0 exchange rate), 2005: $1.23 Billion (UAH 6.16 billion @5.0 exchange rate), 2006: $1.47 Billion (UAH 7.35 billion @5.0 exchange rate), 2007: $2.12 Billion (UAH 10.6 billion @5.0 exchange rate), 2008: $1.78 Billion (UAH 8.926 billion @5.0 exchange rate), 2009: $0.93 Billion (UAH 7.4 billion @8.0 exchange rate), 2010: $1.63 Billion (UAH 13.1 billion @8.0 exchange rate), 2011: $1.82 Billion (UAH 14.6 billion @8.0 exchange rate), 2012: $2.05 Billion (UAH 16.4 billion @8.0 exchange rate), 2013: $1.88 Billion (UAH 15.3 billion @8.1 exchange rate), 2014: $1.37 Billion (UAH 15.1 billion @11.0 exchange rate), 2015: $1.91 Billion (UAH 40.2 billion @21.0 exchange rate), Melanie Bright, The Jane's Interview: Yevhen Marchuk, Ukraine's Minister of Defence, Jane's Defence Weekly, 7 January 2004, John Jaworsky, "Ukraine's Armed Forces and Military Policy," Harvard Ukrainian Studies Vol. Unlawful or arbitrary detention to torture, ill-treatment, and as of January... 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