hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. ThoughtCo, Jul. The rani found a soldiers death, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. The revolt failed in overthrowing British Rule. The chapatis were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. Richard Barter. There was rumor about an old prophecy that the company's rule would end after a hundred years. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 which allowed widows to remarry, like Christian women. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. The army became an efficient professional body, drawn largely from the northwest and aloof from the national life. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. Its cartridges consisted of a .577 inch ball projectile and a charge of gun powder propellant wrapped in waterproofed cartridge paper. From the interrogation of an official at the King of Delhis court: I did hear of the circumstance. Cookie Policy Your Privacy Rights The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. The grease used was tallow, probably containing both cow and pig fat. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- rebellion and post- rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians). The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their rescue. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the black water being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). Many Indians felt that the company was asking for heavy tax from the locals. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. But the wars against the Afghans and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie alarmed and outraged them. Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Seven Years' War: Major General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, 20 Facts About the Life of Mahatma Gandhi, independence movement against British rule. From the confidential physician to the King of Delhi: Nobody can tell what was the object of the distribution of the chupatties. Economically and socially, there had been much dislocation in the landholding class all over northern and western India as a result of British land-revenue settlements, setting group against group. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, whothrough the East India Companyhad ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that centurys end). 1857 revolt started firstly on 29th March 1857 from Bairakpur (West Bengal) by Mangal Pandey. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? From Delhi the revolt spread in June to Kanpur (Cawnpore) and Lucknow. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. [7] Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. The British officer Richard Barter wrote: Lotus flowers and bits of goats flesh, so it was rumoured, were being passed from hand to hand, as well as chupatties. On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. The military cause was both particular and general. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. This is what led to the revolt of 1857 in many localized areas. In India, it has been viewed quite differently. Saul, David (2003), page 294 "The Indian Mutiny", Penguin Books. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. Jaiwant Paul "The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58" In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames o. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. For both Indians and British, the period was haunted with dark memories of the mutiny, and numerous measures were taken by the British raj to avoid another conflict. Mason, Philip (1974), page 263 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, Last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39, Details of the rifle issued as a result of the mutiny, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=1112793629, This page was last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39. Though the revolt was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India. Wild stories circulated freely in the panic-stricken atmosphere of 1857, and there were enough real massacres and murders to make almost anything seem possible. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. A popular American illustrated magazine, "Ballou's Pictorial", published afull-page woodcutillustration showing the preparations for such an execution in its issue of October 3, 1857. each other as brothers.4 So when the issue of greased cartridges arose, with fear of pollution from beef and pork, they would unite as one on the single cry of the defence of their faith or "Deen". But in the 1830s and 1840s, tensions began to emerge. Indian soldiers in the East India Company's armies believed they risked defilement because the new rounds were being issued greased with the fat of pigs and cowsuntrue, but sufficient to spark the most dangerous uprising against British imperial rule since the American Revolution. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, sepoys tended to take great pride in their military prowess, and they exhibited enormous loyalty to their British officers. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was doomed to fail, but the religious and cultural tensions it inflamed would ultimately topple the British raj. the Sepoy Mutiny (by British Historians) The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010);Andrew Ward. Feature Flags: { Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. Advertising Notice is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp What are the oldest known civilizations of India? The grotesque executions by cannon became even became widely known in America. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Some time in February 1857, a curious occurrence took place. Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. But those who did would not have been surprised by what happened next, for some very similar beliefs were spreading in the early months of 1857. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. This revolt had shaken the foundation of . Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. } Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, Indiadied April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). In sum, this combination of factors produced, besides the normal tensions endemic in India, an uneasy, fearful, suspicious, and resentful frame of mind and a wind of unrest ready to fan the flame of any actual physical outbreak. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. The effective Indian artillery, except for a few mountain batteries, was abolished, while the Brahmans and Rajputs of Avadh were reduced in favour of other groups. Queen Victoria, at the prompting of Benjamin Disraeli, announced to Parliament that her Indian subjects were "happy under My rule and loyal to My throne.". Render date: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z Then the bullet had to be rammed down the rifled barrel. Stbere im grten eBookstore der Welt und lies noch heute im Web, auf deinem Tablet, Telefon oder E-Reader. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. It is however also possible to enclose within the paper container the bullet as well as the powder and the cartridge then becomes a balled cartridge. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. That rate was particularly disconcerting because it was vastly swifter than the fastest British mails, and urgent inquiries were made as to the source and meaning of the movement. They yielded the information that the breads were being distributed far more widely than anyone in Agra had yet realized, and that the Indians who received them generally took them as some sort of a sign. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. On the fourth side of the . The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." Published online by Cambridge University Press: The mutineers, on the other hand, lacked good leadership until nearly the end, and they had no confidence in themselves and suffered the guilt feelings of rebels without a cause, making them frantic and fearful by turns. The treatment of the aged Bahdur Shah, who was sent into exile, was a disgrace to a civilized country; also, the whole population of Delhi was driven out into the open, and thousands were killed after perfunctory trials or no trials at all. And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Mutiny Memoirs of an Old Officer (London: Folio Society, 1984);Troy Downs. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. It was generally believed, in retrospect, that the circulation of the breads had been a warning of trouble ahead, and that the wave of chapatis must have been set in motion by a cunning group of determined conspirators who had begun plotting the rising months, if not years, in advance. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. And the leaders were not united, because they sought to revive former Hindu and Muslim regimes, which in their heyday had bitterly clashed. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. It is no surprise, the historian Kim Wagner notes, that, faced with such a plethora of portents, the British regarded with deep suspicion, bordering on paranoia, any type of communication in India which they could not understand. The colonial administration well understood that rumors, however unfounded, could have serious consequences, and there were plenty of notably more dangerous urban legends about. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EEIC, also rebelled against British rule. In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. Victoria added the title "Empress of India" to her royal title. A Chowkeydar ran up to another village with two chupatties. The next phase was the central Indian campaign of Sir Hugh Rose. The surrender of Kanpur, after a relatively brief siege, was followed by a massacre of virtually all British citizens and loyal Indian soldiers at Kanpur. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. A chowkidaran Indian village watchman. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. As mutineers were captured, they were often killed on the spot, and many were executed in dramatic fashion. Post this, India was directly ruled by the British government through representatives known as Governor-General. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Rumors spread with great rapidity before and during the mutinynot least because of the large number of British women and children at the mercy of the rebels in towns such as Delhi and Kanpur. [10], Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by falsehoods about religious insensitivity. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. To save content items to your account, This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. And the uprising became extremely violent. British officials were alarmed at the rapid distribution of mysterious Indian breads across much of the Raj, There is a most mysterious affair going on throughout the whole of India at present, Dr. Gilbert Hadow wrote in a letter to his sister in Britain in March 1857. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. One common punishment was to tie mutineers to the mouth of a cannon and then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. KoboE. Greased Cartridges: The Revolt of 1857 was triggered by the use of new Enfield rifles whose cartridges were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat, leading to the refusal of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys to use them. Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera: The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different currents moved at different speeds. Vital though their Indian empire was to them, they controlled the subcontinent with a comparative handful of menabout 100,000 in all, less than half of whom were soldiers, ruling over a population of 250 millionand they were all too aware of just how inadequate these numbers would be in the event of any serious rebellion. Q. Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Revolt of 1857 (First War of Indian Independence 1857). Along with the previously mentioned illustration in Ballou's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the violence in India. To "the cow reverencing Hindu and the pig paranoid Muslims" having to bite this was repellent, defiling and deadly to their religious prospects. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. Has data issue: true This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana. To save content items to your account, The cartridge of the Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal fat, to facilitate an easier load into the muzzle. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. As the East India Company annexed Indian states in the 1840s and 1850s, the Indian soldiers in the company's employ began to feel offended. All in all, the British were extremely spooked by the spread of the chapatis. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as ghee or vegetable oil. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. The . The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). There at a stroke was an army, a cause, and a national leaderthe only Muslim who appealed to both Hindus and Muslims. It came as a greater shock than the loss of the American colonies, and prompted reprisals far more hysterical and vicious than those visited on rebellious subjects elsewhere in the Empire. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. (See Barrackpore Mutiny.). The resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. In the 1870s the British government formalized its role as an imperial power. Then came the Western innovations of the now overconfident British. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. Furthermore, the superstitious impulse that still encourages the transmission of chain letters clearly applied in 1857: Although the original specific meaning of the chapattis had been lost early in the distribution, the dire consequences of breaking the chain of transmission remained, and thus ensured their successful circulation over an immense area. The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: John Murray, 2004). Noch heute im Web, auf deinem Tablet, Telefon oder E-Reader many seize. One knew for sure what they were often killed on the spot, and give two to of. The nineteenth century 294 `` the Indian Mutiny of 1857 started as a blank message 1870s the British were able... 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