Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. [Female, Study Community # 5]. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. %%EOF
This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Gordis, L. (2014). Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. Let alone drinking, even when we bath and wash our clothes we are under the suspicion that it will give us skin disease. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) PubMedGoogle Scholar. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Antonitto A. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4
#W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. Accessibility If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. These forces are believed to have unlimited power. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Young A. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. Epub 2022 Jan 7. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. It was the golden age of bacteriology. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. A. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. Bareilly, UP, India. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Google Scholar. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Disclaimer. Gender-based violence is a key factor . In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. 67 0 obj
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Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. Cite this article. Qualitative content analysis was used. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). Part of As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. 36 0 obj
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1983. p. 155. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. The SlideShare family just got bigger. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. I have never gone to modern health centers. Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. Full Text: PDF. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Medical anthropology. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. and transmitted securely. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. . Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. 125"128. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. 2003;9(6):649. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Soc Sci Med. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Glory Bassey. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Google Scholar. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. Nature of qualitative evidence. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism commun.). Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Published 1 October 1921. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. Medical and cultural considerations. The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Google Scholar. Park, K. (n.d.). http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). 2015;29(2):12736. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. National Library of Medicine Altern Ther Health Med. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. 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