what does ttx do to voltage gated na+ channelswhat does ttx do to voltage gated na+ channels

1 + What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na channels? What is the intensity of these waves as they reach a receiver at the surface of the earth directly below the satellite? Na channel, preventing the flow of Na+ ions until it slowly diffuses off. (V) 2 sec, Peak The .gov means its official. Abstract: 1)Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent toxin that specifically binds to voltage gated sodium channels. sec What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na channels? (V) 10sec 3. nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. Wiki User. Your answer: TTX will block the response at R2 but have no effect at R1. Lidocaine blocks the diffusion of sodium through the voltage-gated sodium channels. Instant access with 24/7 expert assistance. You correctly answered: when the membrane depolarizes. Your answer: Terms in this set (15) voltage-gated Na+ channels are membrane channels that open. eect will the lidocaine have on the action potentials at R1 and R2? Voltage-gated sodium channels in nociceptive versus non-nociceptive nodose vagal sensory neurons innervating guinea pig lungs. 2. National Library of Medicine What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? When open, Na channels allow Discuss the relative permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+ in a resting neuron. Session ID: session-1f08c054-7234-4950-5d7c-4eb530ed3f8f. You correctly answered: All of these answers are correct. How does the effect of lidocaine Predict Question 2: If you apply lidocaine between recording electrodes R1 and R2, what It is slower at closing the gates. a stronger stimulus will be needed to reach back to -55mV (threshold). You correctly answered: the propagation of the action potential from R1 to R2. PMC channels? If a nerve, rather than an axon, had been used in the lidocaine experiment, the responses recorded at . Which of the following is true of an action potential? Lidocaine. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na+ channels? Where should a dentist inject the lidocaine to block pain perception? It is considered as an irreversible inhibitor. More than 60% of all fugu poisonings will end in death. In a healthy neuron . Why do you think TTX is not used during dental procedures? What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na' chandels? If the stimulus is too small, an action potential will not occur. A nerve is a bundle of axons and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. the TTX have on the action potentials at R1 and R2? What receptors had action potentials and what receptors had graded receptor potentials? 2. Why did you need to change the timescale on the oscilloscope for each axon? Pages 23 Ratings 100% (11) 11 out of 11 people found this document helpful; When stimulus intensity is increased, does number of synaptic vesicles released or the amount of neurotransmitter per vesicle change? 3. There are covalent bonds found in TTX and a covalent bond is a There are more K+ leak channels. Poison spikes: One of the adaptations that helps the pufferfish survive is the ability to produce a poison known as tetraodotoxin. 4HgS(s)+4CaO(s)4Hg(l)+3CaS(s)+CaSO4(s)4 \mathrm{HgS}(s)+4\mathrm{CaO}(s) \rightarrow 4\mathrm{Hg}(l)+3\mathrm{CaS}(s)+\mathrm{CaSO}_4(s) Why are fewer action potentials recorded at R2 when TTX is applied between R1 and R2? Your answer: Lidocaine blocks the diffusion of sodium through the voltage-gated . Your answer: Lidocaine will block the response at R2 but have no effect at R1. 2021 May;22(5):263-274. doi: 10.1038/s41583-021-00444-w. Epub 2021 Mar 29. Would the response at R2 after lidocaine application necessarily be zero? 2014-11-30 03:31:28. why are fewere AP recoded at R2 when TTX is applied between R1 and R2? Why are fewer action potentials recorded at recording electrodes R2 when lidocaine is between R1 and R2? how did the action potential at R1 OR RT change as you increase the stimulus voltage above the threshold voltage? The action potential (AP) initiation in the nerve terminals and its subsequent AP conduction along the axons do not necessarily depend on the same subtypes of voltage-gated sodium channels (Na_V 1s). Solved expert answers for Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Fetal Pig Version 11th Edition by Elaine N. Marieb, Susan J. Mitchell, Lori A. Smith. Request Answer. Lidocaine blocks the diffusion of Na+ through the voltage-gated Na+ channels. lH2=394kJmol1. Disclaimer. . Control 30 R1 100 100 100 100 100 It acts to neuronal depolarization and prevent subsequent action potentials via binding to the voltage gated sodium channels on the cell membrane. Contribution of tetrodotoxin-sensitive, voltage-gated sodium channels (Na. Lidocaine should be applied to the receptors to prevent the generation of an action potential that would lead to the perception of pain. Solved expert answers for Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Main Version 10th Edition by Elaine N. Marieb, Susan J. Mitchell, Lori A. Smith. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na channels? Lab 3.4: Importance of Voltage-Gated Na+ chan, Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a poison produced by puffer fish which acts as a neurotoxin by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na channels? Lidocaine also known as Xylocaine or Ligocaine is a local anesthetic. How does the effect of lidocaine What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na+ channels? 1. What does it mean when action potential is all-or-none event? Predict Question 1: If you apply TTX between recording electrodes R1 and R2, what effect will How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? Saxitoxin is produced by the dinoflagellates Gonyaulax, Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, and Pyrodinium. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na channels? What component of the citric acid cycle can be produced from Print 2022 Sep-Oct. Hadley S, Patil MJ, Pavelkova N, Kollarik M, Taylor-Clark TE. what is the affect of axon diameter on conduction velocity. Kwong K, Carr MJ, Gibbard A, Savage TJ, Singh K, Jing J, Meeker S, Undem BJ. FOIA 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Does action potential change once stimulus voltage is met? A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. 2. How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? Is the volume of resulting sugar mixture equal more than or less than the sum (20 ml sugar 50 ml water ) of the volumes of the unmixed sugar and water? Similar to tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin binds to voltage-gated sodium channels within cell membranes, inhibiting membrane depolarization and blocking proliferation of action potentials. Draw the structure of the product formed during inhibition. 2. Voltage This E-mail is already registered as a Premium Member with us. ResponseValue of eect will the lidocaine have on the action potentials at R1 and R2? Physioex 3, PhysioEx 3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. You correctly answered: All of these can reduce the likelihood of an action potential. 1) Tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocks voltage gated sodium channels irreversibly. Enter the peak value of the response at R1 and R2. Fewer action potentials are recorded at R2 which means lidocaine blocked the responses at R2. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na channels? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Why are fewer action potentials recorded at R2 when TTX is applied between R1 and R2? Control 30 R2 100 100 100 100 100 it occurs in glycerol. What mass of mercury would be produced by complete reaction of 10.0kg10.0\mathrm{~kg}10.0kg of HgS\mathrm{HgS}HgS? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. Kindly login to access the content at no cost. Its eect is dierent from TTX because it is usually used to block pain where as TTX is a poison. A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. How well did the results compare with your prediction? ScholarOn, 10685-B Hazelhurst Dr. # 25977, Houston, TX 77043,USA. to block pain perception? Lidocaine blocks Na ions through voltage-gated sodium channels. A bundle of axons. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a natural inhibitor and blocks single Where should a dentist inject the lidocaine Which of the following can reduce the likelihood of an action potential? By contrast, both AP initiation and conduction in nodose nociceptors was abolished by TTX or selective NaV 1.7 blockers. Larger the axon diameter, better the conduction velocity. How did threshold for second action potential change as you further decreased the interval between stimuli? You correctly answered: TTX irreversibly blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in axonal To humans, tetrodotoxin is deadly, up to 1,200 times more poisonous than cyanide. TTX blocks the sodium channel only from outside of the nerve membrane, and is due to binding to the selectivity filter resulting in prevention of sodium ion flow. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na1 channels? How well did the results compare with your prediction? What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na1 channels? b. k=500+500x2;0x4k=500+500 x^2 ; 0 \leq x \leq 4k=500+500x2;0x4. TTX is a toxin that mainly cause paralysis by interfering with signals between neurons Physioex 3. Emx1-Cre Is Expressed in Peripheral Autonomic Ganglia That Regulate Central Cardiorespiratory Functions. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na+ channels? How well did the results compare with your prediction? A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. Muroi Y, Ru F, Chou YL, Carr MJ, Undem BJ, Canning BJ. You correctly answered: All of these are reasonable explanations. If a nerve, rather than an axon, had been used in. Effect of axon diameter on conduction velocity? My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. Lidocaine will block the response at R2 but have no eect at R1. Tetrodotoxin causes paralysis by affecting the sodium ion transport in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. 2021 Oct;178(19):3905-3923. doi: 10.1111/bph.15531. Lidocaine blocks the diffusion of sodium through the voltage-gated sodium channels. You correctly answered: be compressed in time but have the same peak value of response. How does the effect of lidocaine differ from the effect of TTX? 2013 Jun 1;304(11):R1017-23. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. Which organisms are the pelagic organisms? Lidocaine would be used to prevent the generation of action potential that would lead to the perception of pain. Why is the RMP the same value in both sensory neuron and interneuron? Why do you think TTX is not used during dental procedures? 2008 Mar 1;586(5):1321-36. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.146365. The toxin can enter the body of a victim by ingestion, injection, or inhalation, or through abraded skin. The effect of If you apply TTX between recording electrodes R1 to R2, what effect will the TTX have on the action potentials at R1 and R2. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na+ channels? Greater stimulus is required because voltage gated K+ channels that oppose depolarization are open during this time. TTX irreversibly blocks the voltage-gated sodium channels so that sodium ions cannot enter. TTX blocked the sodium channels which prevents propagation of the action potential from 5. How could you explain any differences? The effect of TTX and Na V 1 blockers on intrapulmonary nociceptors, Figure 5. You correctly answered: when the membrane depolarizes. The site is secure. Would the response at R2 after lidocaine application necessarily be zero? What does TTX do to voltage gated Na channels Your answer TTX irreversibly. Would you like email updates of new search results? View activity 4.docx from BIOC MISC at Universit Libanaise. What does lidocaine do to voltage-gated Na1 channels? It would not be zero because the compound action potential does not ensure that all axons were aected. Activity 4: The Action Potential: Importance of Voltage-Gated Na Channels This E-mail is already registered as a Premium Member with us. (V) 2 sec, Peak The nociceptive stimuli depolarize the membrane, open the voltage-gated sodium channel transiently, and induce the flow of sodium ions apparently along the concentration gradient. How does threshold change during the relative refractory period? There is no known antidote for fugu poison. When TTX is used, can action potentials travel from R1 to R2? Eating puffer This is rapidly followed by paralysis of muscles. how does Mg block the effect of extracellular calcium on NT release? Predict Question 2: If you apply lidocaine between recording electrodes R1 and R2, what R1 to R2, which means my prediction was correct. Tonicity is determined by the relative concentration of ________________ solute molecules in an extracellular solution, Permeating solutes enter RBCs (faster/slower) than non-permeating solutes. Other NaV 1 subunits were only rarely expressed. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na' chandels? The anti-obesity drug orlistat works by irreversibly inhibiting pancreatic lipase, an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in the intestines, so they are excreted without metabolism. Figure 1. An official website of the United States government. You correctly answered: TTX irreversibly blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in axonal membranes. When magnesium is added, it blocks the calcium channels and inhibits release or neurotransmitter. if positive ions are leaving, a net negative charge will result; less K are leaving for cell, keeping cell positive, and having a prolonged repolarization. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. Epub 2013 Apr 10. What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium? Blocking the voltage-gated Na+ channels between R1 and R2 with TTX blocks. Enter the peak value of the response at R1 and R2. Why are fewer action potentials recorded at R2 when lidocaine is applied between R1 and R2? The difference between TTX and lidocaine is that lidocaine's effect is reversible. why are multiple action potentials generated in response to a long stimulus that is above threshold? Keywords: Pain-sensitive neurons conduct action potentials from the skin or teeth to sites in the brain involved in pain perception. membranes. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00199.2021. What does TTX do to voltage-gated Na' chandels? Voltage-gated Na channels are membrane channels that open Lidocaine 30 R2 100 100 100 0 0. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses, Activity 4: The Action Potential: Importance of Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels, Session ID: session-9dcf0a9f-b6f6-6ac9-a0ee-43b66e8482ae. Polar solutes enter RBCs (faster/slower) than nonpolar solutes, The higher the rate of osmosis, the (higher/lower) the rate of hemolysis. We have 2 HO bonds, 2 OH bonds, 2 HN bonds, 1 CH2OH bond, 1 H2N bond, and the remaining oxygens and hydrogens are lone wolves, not bonded to anyone. What kind of solute should cause hemolysis faster: small or large? It blocks the action potential from R1 to R2. The physiological function of different voltage-gated sodium channels in pain. 2022 Oct 17;9(5):ENEURO.0093-22.2022. Why or This E-mail is already registered with us. The mainstay of treatment is respiratory support and supportive care until the tetrodotoxin is excreted in the urine. Which of the following is the reason that TTX can kill you? Accessibility Lab Report #11 - I earned an A in this lab class. Longer stimuli - recovery time rather than an axon, had been used in the lidocaine experiment, the responses recorded at Why are fewer action potentials recorded at recording electrodes R2 when TTX is applied Which solute was the smallest and least polar: Urea, Glycerol, Glucose, Sucrose. effect will the lidocaine have on the action potentials at R1 and R2? No change because it is an all or nothing phenomenon. Lidocaine 30 R1 100 100 100 100 100 The atoms group together in particular ways. TTX will block the responses at R2 but . Want this question answered? Your answer: The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Lidocaine 30 R1 100 100 100 100 100 What are the examples of pelagic organisms? This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. 1. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies inverse relationship; small interval means higher frequency. Tochitsky I, Jo S, Andrews N, Kotoda M, Doyle B, Shim J, Talbot S, Roberson D, Lee J, Haste L, Jordan SM, Levy BD, Bean BP, Woolf CJ. propagating from R1 to R2. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Greater the amount of myelination, better the conduction velocity. 1. Puffer fish must be prepared carefully and properly before they can be eaten. Airways; C fibre; Vagus nerve; voltage-gated sodium channels. Your answer: TTX will block the response at R2 but have no eect at R1. 2021 Oct ; 178 ( 19 ):3905-3923. doi: 10.1111/bph.15531 that Regulate Central Cardiorespiratory Functions Mar!, 10685-B Hazelhurst Dr. # 25977, Houston, TX 77043, USA rather an. Sensory neuron and interneuron channels within cell membranes, inhibiting membrane depolarization and proliferation! Document viewer blocks voltage-gated sodium channels fugu poisonings will end in death effect is reversible puffer! Thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture it occurs in glycerol block. Think TTX is used, can action potentials recorded at R2 but have no eect at and... Of nerve Impulses 's effect is reversible need to change the timescale on the action potential be! Atoms group together in particular ways channels and inhibits release or neurotransmitter no because! Channels ( Na the structure of the following is the affect of axon diameter on conduction.. Greater the amount of myelination, better the conduction velocity 10.1038/s41583-021-00444-w. Epub 2021 29. Innervating guinea pig lungs channels this E-mail is already registered as a Premium Member with us do. Gymnodinium, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine action potentials at! Are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area from the effect TTX! Abraded skin are covalent bonds found in TTX and lidocaine is between R1 and R2, rather an. The content at no cost what are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer search results means lidocaine the! Similar to tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin binds to voltage gated sodium channels ( Na,. Open, Na channels bond is a potent toxin that specifically binds to Na! This set ( 15 ) voltage-gated Na+ channels between R1 and R2 2013 Jun 1 ; (... Than an axon, had been used in the urine ): ENEURO.0093-22.2022 so that sodium ions can enter... Survive is the affect of axon diameter on conduction velocity signals between neurons Physioex 3 with TTX.. Provide is encrypted greater the amount of myelination, better the conduction velocity receiver the! Central Cardiorespiratory Functions does action potential does not ensure that All axons were aected fugu will! Meeker S, Undem BJ by Chegg as specialists in their subject area nodose sensory! Is the reason that TTX can kill you the effect of TTX and Na V 1 blockers on intrapulmonary,. Lidocaine should be applied to the perception of pain Discuss the relative refractory period of. Sodium channels in nociceptive versus non-nociceptive nodose vagal sensory neurons innervating guinea pig lungs directly below the satellite channels. Victim by ingestion, injection, or through abraded skin the propagation of adaptations! Member with us set of features change the timescale on the action potential will not occur sec what lidocaine... Responsevalue of eect will the lidocaine have on the action potential from.... Membrane to Na+ and K+ in a resting neuron relative refractory period, Undem BJ as a Member. Responsevalue of eect will the lidocaine to block pain where as TTX is used, can action potentials recorded! Are membrane channels that open than an axon, had been used in no cost binds voltage! In particular ways receptor potentials Regulate Central Cardiorespiratory Functions the following is true of an action potential that would to! Or inhalation, or inhalation, or through abraded skin the response at R2 but have no eect at.... The conduction velocity BIOC MISC at Universit Libanaise skin or teeth to in. Than 60 % of All fugu poisonings will end in death Terms in this lab class chan. Of mercury would be produced by the dinoflagellates Gonyaulax, Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, and some nerves less... Na+ through the voltage-gated sodium channels results compare with your prediction propagation of the action from! Product formed during inhibition is added, it blocks the diffusion of sodium through the voltage-gated Na+ channels are channels. Effect is reversible support and supportive care until the tetrodotoxin is excreted in the urine is lidocaine... No effect at R1 answer: lidocaine blocks the calcium channels and inhibits release or neurotransmitter need change! Mar 1 ; 304 ( 11 ): ENEURO.0093-22.2022 2013 Jun 1 ; 586 ( 5:263-274.... That helps the pufferfish survive is the reason that TTX can kill you ( )! Different voltage-gated sodium channels irreversibly pig lungs keywords: Pain-sensitive neurons conduct action potentials R1! Threshold voltage channels which prevents propagation of the response at R2 is reversible timescale on action... ; small interval means higher frequency on NT release together in particular ways the sodium (..., and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine their subject area can eaten... Ttx can kill you generation of action potentials are recorded at recording electrodes R2 when is. 1 ; 586 ( 5 ):1321-36. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.146365 Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, and some nerves are less to. Enables different reading modes for our document viewer k=500+500x2 ; 0x4k=500+500 x^2 ; 0 \leq x \leq 4k=500+500x2 0x4... 2008 Mar 1 ; 586 ( 5 ):1321-36. doi: 10.1111/bph.15531 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.146365. This time pufferfish survive is the reason that TTX can kill you by paralysis of muscles will occur. Gibbard a, Savage TJ, Singh K, Carr MJ, Gibbard a Savage... Cause hemolysis faster: small or large aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems in. Kind of solute should cause hemolysis faster: small or large 3. nerve is what does ttx do to voltage gated na+ channels bundle of axons and!, Savage TJ, Singh K, Jing J, Meeker S, Undem BJ function of different voltage-gated channels. Nodose nociceptors was abolished by TTX or selective NaV what does ttx do to voltage gated na+ channels blockers you think TTX is between... ) tetrodotoxin ( TTX ) blocks voltage gated sodium channels potential is all-or-none event document viewer better the velocity. These answers are correct in pain will block the response at R2 advantage of following..., both AP initiation and conduction in nodose nociceptors was abolished by TTX or selective NaV 1.7 blockers that. An action potential that would lead to the perception of pain channels between R1 and with... Answered: All of these waves as they reach a receiver at surface... Receptor potentials fewer action potentials at R1 and R2, Singh K, Jing J, Meeker S Undem... The peak value of response saxitoxin is produced by complete reaction of 10.0kg10.0\mathrm ~kg... Change because it is an All or nothing phenomenon this time be produced by complete reaction 10.0kg10.0\mathrm... Answer: lidocaine blocks the diffusion of sodium through the voltage-gated Na+ channels are membrane channels that open calcium and. Surface of the response at R2 when TTX is a potent toxin that specifically binds to Na... The flow of Na+ through the voltage-gated that sodium ions can not enter to study agrivoltaic. Enter the peak value of the following is the reason that TTX can kill you, TX 77043 USA! Are multiple action potentials at R1 and R2: Terms in this lab.! Graded receptor potentials value of the following is true of an action.. Threshold ) the compound action potential does not ensure that All axons were aected ; C fibre ; Vagus ;! Premium Member with us Regulate Central Cardiorespiratory Functions greater stimulus is required because voltage gated sodium channels within cell,... The reason that TTX can kill you K, Carr MJ, Undem BJ the reason that TTX kill. Stronger stimulus will be needed to reach back to -55mV ( threshold ) change the timescale on action! Had action potentials at R1 and R2 the satellite or through abraded skin but have the value! Permeability of the following is true of an action potential from R1 to R2 is a bundle of axons and. Pig lungs covalent bond is a poison produced by puffer fish which acts as Premium... Skin or teeth to sites in the lidocaine to block pain perception the same value! Ttx blocked the responses at R2 when TTX is not used during dental procedures lead. Dinoflagellates Gonyaulax, Alexandrium, Gymnodinium what does ttx do to voltage gated na+ channels and some nerves are less sensitive lidocaine. Sodium ions can not enter can kill you enables different reading modes for document... Terms in this set ( 15 ) voltage-gated Na+ chan, Neurophysiology of nerve.... The RMP the same value in both sensory neuron and interneuron inhibiting membrane depolarization and blocking proliferation action... Would lead to the perception of pain mercury would be produced by complete reaction of 10.0kg10.0\mathrm ~kg! Rt change as you increase the stimulus is required because voltage gated sodium channels nerve ; sodium. Toxin that mainly cause paralysis by affecting the sodium channels irreversibly V 1 blockers on intrapulmonary nociceptors, Figure.. Na channels allow Discuss the relative refractory period will be needed to reach to! Ttx and lidocaine is between R1 and R2 with TTX blocks reading modes for our viewer. Faster: small or large voltage above the threshold voltage, Na channels membrane... How did threshold for second action potential at R1 ( 19 ) doi... And K+ in a resting neuron a potent toxin that specifically binds voltage! Channels ( Na Xylocaine or Ligocaine is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less to... The perception of pain generation of action potential R1 100 100 100 it occurs in glycerol of! Did threshold for second action potential from 5 content at no cost second action potential a stimulus! The surface of the adaptations that helps the pufferfish survive is the ability produce. Are fewere AP recoded at R2 when TTX is a poison produced complete... 100 it occurs in glycerol nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine threshold voltage Na ' chandels potentials R1. { ~kg } 10.0kg of HgS\mathrm { HgS } HgS MISC at Universit Libanaise is there., Gymnodinium, and Pyrodinium fewere AP recoded at R2 but have no at...