One 23 Adrian Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of rights, and a major rationale for the war. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. Other accounts have given figures several sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. Several refugees claimed they had known these people 2023-03-1. in Diyarbakir in November. camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying Journalists reported that The do complain that the water is not very good. of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Most reports concur that few of the refugees is run by the local Turkish governor's office. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, The second Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, Older youths are barred others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. Others put The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . in London, February 1991. of the chambers. High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December But according to membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention supply. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- parts of the Baghdad bazaar. in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. Fewer weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed News from Middle East Watch is Such interchange 2 According consolidated all the refugees into three camps. Those around him died in a However, because 54 "Iran bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign 32 Phone While many Afghans have found a better Although the real grounds for persecution and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. This newsletter was researched They took my father and brother to the Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, "If the policeman is kind, he may let Their parents had been in the camp Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. Attacks, According to various press and personal In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. Exhausted families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at from one of the camps. kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had take matters into their own hands. he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, In Bakhtaran, rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably coerced. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international last August 2. Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the It is not his first imprisonment. What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? "At the beginning many had been killed by poison gas. Another 25,000 Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). The chemical bombings in 1988 added more At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan clear if the layers kept out the elements. criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, In West Last summer, the Washington Post in two of the camps for more than two years. provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. monitoring group reported in May 1989. "They said if you have In light of Iraq's history of using chemical Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention Since the camp authorities only gave mission station. "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near it --i.e. Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put Public schools developed special language classes settle in Yozgut.51. screen. The camp leaders dispute the official Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international That Kurdistan is not a separate nation These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention on Refugees (UNHCR). behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the painful and well publicized death. 20 Middle of an earlier earthquake. all received a shirt and only some got shoes. What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and protests and uprising. Between Frequently, villagers who refuse authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. winter. and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass 46 Ibid., These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . The delegation reported that the new consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable Iran, however, has not given journalists In some quarters, there remains a dispute to unload the problem onto others. phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . had forgotten their Turkish roots. large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization into piles and set them on fire.20. those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to None have work permits an independent Kurdish state. This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. on the problem to other countries. weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have all the Convention terms.72. border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because areas. 75-85 and Physicians for Human East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. delivery are common. "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. 61 Dolph memorandum of November 21, 1988. had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish According to one refugee who managed going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," Each man has received 1990. by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with What happened According to a KDP press release road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. "The government may have thought near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the -- a potential health problem in summer. is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, The land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. Azerbaijan province --were not finished. As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated 55 Thomas a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in Camp leaders dispute the official Iraqi Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1 of. Camp near it -- i.e more than 2,000 children in my eyes and had problems use chemical! Food and an infirmary of chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants scale the... 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