Whose last name does she get? Although immigrants were predominantly from Western Europe, significant numbers arrived from Eastern Europe and Scandinavia as well. Although theres no proof, my birthday is actually March 2nd and my brothers is in December. Read: The over-celebration of life events. Its something constantly in the back of my mind. It is not known how many immigrants arrived in the U.S. bearing a name that differed from the one given to them at birth, says Urban. For most people, birthdays were once just another day. These assumptions are racially and prejudice tinged. Why? Her friend Amina Adam, who's sitting with her in the kitchen, will turn 60. Similarly, immigration may or may not lead to improved outcomes for native workers and for U.S. government finances; we discuss both concerns in subsequent facts. WebThere were economic overtones here too: Male immigrants were more likely to change their name if they lived in counties where other immigrants had trouble getting jobs. But Cangemi said for plenty of immigrants, the reasons for assuming a Jan. 1 birth date are understandable. Hunt and Gauthier-Loiselle find that spillovers are substantial and positive. If anything, Ellis Island officials were known to correct mistakes in passenger lists, saysPhilip Sutton, a librarian in the Milstein Division of United States History, Local History and Genealogy, at the New York Public Library, in ablog postdelving into the name change mythology. Only those in steerage had to undergo inspection at the Ellis Island station. By 2012, however, petitioners with Muslim or Arabic names had stopped changing their names in large numbers. Research examining short-run fluctuations in the number of H-1B visas similarly concludes that immigrants add to aggregate innovation, although estimates of spillovers for innovative activities of native-born workers are smaller or nonexistent (Kerr and Lincoln 2010). I do remember learning early on that the calendar in Iran is different than the Canadian calendar, as Irans is based on the Islamic calendar. But even though many may have had unusual namesat least to an English speakerit is a persistent myth that Ellis Island inspectors altered birth names of the weary immigrants. Meanwhile, few name changers in the past 50 years have actually made a decision like Barack Obamas: Only about 5 percent of all name change petitions in 2002 sought a name more ethnically identifiable. There was a huge fear that immigrants were going to bring a whole new set of morals into the country that were going to degrade us, Urban says. I still get confused about their dates, he said of his eight kids, who were mostly born in March, April and May. One estimate suggests that the total annual contribution of foreign-born workers is roughly $2trillion, or about 10percent of annual GDP (Blau and Mackie 2017 citing Borjas 2013); the contribution of unauthorized immigrants is estimated to be about 2.6 percent of GDP (Edwards and Ortega 2016; authors calculations). He previously covered workforce and immigration issues for MinnPost. To do this, I had to complete a lot of paperwork and provide supporting documentation, like a birth certificate. The women all have the same birth date: Jan. 1. A one percentage pointincrease in the college-educated or advanced degree-holding immigrant shares of the U.S. population are estimated to produce a 12.3 percent or 27.0 percent increase in patenting per capita, respectively. People were in survival mode. And we all had to make up birth dates on the spot to get those documents.. If these facts seem oddly fuzzy, the situation gets odder still. Others feel they must leave because of poverty, political unrest, gang violence, natural disasters or other serious circumstances that exist there. Starting in the 1910s, however, immigration to the United States fell precipitously, and the foreign-born share of the population reached a historic low of 4.7percent in 1970. 338.5 (e) Data change. The dark blue and light green bars in figure 6 show the fraction of immigrant workers and children of native-born workers, respectively, in a given occupational group. Rodrigo Saldago slowly raises his hand, reciting the oath read to him and about 40 other immigrants in a packed courtroom at the Dirksen Federal Building in downtown Chicago. This anxiety can come from a fear of the unknown or an expectation of loss loss of identity about religion, language, and culture and the power and privileges associated with that identity. This anxiety seems to have particularly burdened the poor, who now need the names on their birth certificates to match drivers licenses and other documents in order to get jobs or government benefits. WebImmigrant groups still change their names for multiple reasons, stemming from a desire to avoid discrimination, as well as to create a new identity to fit their new culture. How Old Are You? Three generations of Ethiopian women are gathered in the kitchen of a St. Paul apartment, where Gadeise Gebywe is rolling dough to make bread. I didnt have an Iranian birth certificate. Though the foreign-born fraction has risen to its late-19th-century levels, the net migration rate is just half the level that prevailed around 1900 (Blau and Mackie 2017). Immigration during the second half of the 19th century lifted the foreign-born share of the population to 14percent. The correction will not be deemed to be justified where the naturalized person later alleges that the name or date of birth which the applicant stated to be his or her correct name or date of birth at the time of naturalization was not in fact his or her name or date of birth at the time of the naturalization. Amina Adam, left, Gadeise Gebywe and her daughter Darartu Gebywe, top, all share a Jan. 1 birth date. Kids never had the attention span to listen to me explain cultural differences. In fact, in 2009, of the nearly 80,000 refugees who came to the US, 11,000 had January 1 birthdays. Social Security and Medicare become more difficult to fund as the working-age population declines relative to the elderly population. Finally, immigrantslow-skilled or high-skilledcontribute to labor demand as well as labor supply to the extent that they consume goods and services in addition to becoming entrepreneurs (White House 2013). Across the educational categories, the foreign-born population is estimated to have a slightly more-positive fiscal impact in nearly every category. It is uncontroversial that immigrants increase both the labor force and economic output. Americans celebrated George Washingtons birthday, for instance, but for everyone else, a birthdayif they even knew the datewas just another day. Instead, in 2009, the New York City Police Department began conducting surveillance into New Yorks Muslim and Arab communities using Civil Court name change petitions, sending the message that the act of changing your name might make you as much of a suspect as keeping it. Regardless of the characteristics of their parents, children of immigrants tend to attain educational outcomes that are like those of natives, but with higher rates of college and postgraduate attainment than observed for children of natives (Chiswick and DebBurman 2004). Every New Year's Day, many first-generation immigrants tell their parents "happy birthday" because they don't know otherwise. They never had records of their birth dates in their native Ethiopia, so new ones were assigned to them when they came to the U.S. Gadeise Gebywe makes traditional Ethiopian bread in her St. Paul apartment. Boston College immigration psychologist Pratyusha Tummula cites the discrimination that specific immigrant groups faced as the primary reason for name changes. On top of that like many countries in the developing world most citizens of the country didnt have official identification cards and drivers licenses, said Ahmed Ismail Yusuf, author of Somalis in Minnesota., There were a few of us who had drivers licenses or passports in Somalia, Yusuf added. At the end of the ceremony, Saldago hoists the freshly signed document signifying his status. I lay in bed this morning thinking, forty-six years old and nowhere yet, one woman wrote in her diary in 1921. While that seems like a set-up for fudging a difficult name into the record books, or maybe even just making the best guess on a name that perhaps a nonliterate immigrant might not know how to spell correctly, it didnt go down that way at all, Urban says. It seems I misunderstood the conversion from the Islamic calendar as a child. The inspectors also would see if the answers matched those recorded by the shipping clerk before departure. Michigan State University provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation US. There was no expectation to pick an American name, but people are much more accepting of that name.. One 1926 card read, I know your age / But Ill keep it mum / If youll do the same / When my birthdays come.. But when the civil war broke out in 1991, many families like Calis lost those documents as they crossed oceans or walked for weeks to find stability in neighboring countries. Immigrants are also more likely to become Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine (Shambaugh, Nunn, and Portman 2017). We at The Hamilton Project put forward this set of facts to help provide an evidence base for policy discussions that is derived from data and research. Today, the January 1 phenomenon has become an inside joke for first-generation immigrants. As a result, many in the country began to rely on the Western calendar system for work and school schedules as well as for holiday vacations. These approximated birth dates allow the government to administer benefits and track and control immigration flow, Ross Pearson wrote in the report, but they lack both certainty and accuracy.. Firms appear to adjust technology and capital based on immigration and the skill mix of the local population (Lewis 2011). Ibrahim Hirsi is a PhD student in history at the University of Minnesota. He had the right answers to most of the questions on the document, except one. WebThousands of Jewish immigrants and their children changed their names in America but not at Ellis Island. That could be because for some, Ellis Island was a scary and hostile place, Urban says. Nobody was concerned about IDs or birth information, Cali said. [2] In 2016 Mexicos per capita income was 29.8percent of per capita income in the United States (Bolt et al. Urban says some of those societies had offices in the Great Hall of the main Ellis Island building, which meant they werent far from the inspection process. And we all had to make up birth dates on the spot to get those documents. But, he says, he believes that dehumanizationincluding a disregard of nameswas not a prevalent or overwhelming part of the culture at Ellis Island. "Like 90 percent of the African kids -- most of them do. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. A study conducted by economists at the University of Chicago and Harvard indicates that resumes with more white-sounding names receive far more callbacks. Newsweeks story reflects a typical view of name changing: Immigrants in an earlier era changed their names to assimilate, while in our contemporary era of ethnic pride, immigrants and their children are more likely to retain or reclaim ethnic names. Changing my name is really the end of the circle. The news, analysis and community conversation found here is funded by donations from individuals. As a refugee, documentation is always a challenge. That's nearly 14% of refugees, which is absurd because that number should be about 0.3%. It is therefore an empirical question whether low-skilled immigration actually depresses wages for low-skilled natives. Determining real birth dates gets complicated -- certain cultures simply do not celebrate birthdays, so no one remembers them, or they may come from a country that uses a completely different calendar system. If those expenses were included, the fiscal impact of each category of foreign-born and native-born workers would be more negative, but the overall pattern would remain the same. While immigrant name changes have decreased in the last decade, the internal conflict facing incoming immigrants who consider changing their names is one that Valentine believes is now more relevant than ever. There are almost no appreciable differences in occupations between the children of immigrants and children of natives. They were busy working to stay alive.. It was even worse for me having to share it with my brother. By contrast, high-skilled native-born workers tended to enter occupations that require more communications and interpersonal skills (Jaimovich and Siu 2017). It hasnt moved smoothly from an era in which immigrants simply wanted to fit in, to an era in which diversity is welcome. The foreign-born fraction of the population rose steadily from 1970 to its 2017 level of 13.7percent. Instead, they were native-born American Jews who faced significant institutional discrimination. The ships manifest was presented to Ellis Island inspectors after the boat docked. Cangemi used to run ICE's five-state office in Minneapolis. You can see it everywhere. Feyrer, Sacerdote, and Stern (2008) note that in countries where women have outside options but men share little of the child-care responsibilities, fertility has fallen even more. Required fields are marked *. Common languagesspokenat Ellis Island included: Italian, Polish, Ukrainian, Slovak, German, Yiddish, French, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Swedish, Portuguese, Bulgarian, Czech, Spanish, Armenian, Arabic, Dutch, Norwegian and Chinese. That would create a whole new set of problems. The logic was straightforward: change your name and avoid discrimination. Cookie Policy The shipping lines were thus highly motivated to only take immigrants who werent going to be coming back. By increasing the number of workers in the labor force, immigrants enhance the productive capacity of the U.S. economy. He is now a U.S. citizen. If Gebywe's calculations are correct, she'll soon turn 44. [It] often started with religious identity. It shows that 30- to 36-year-old immigrants are less likely to have been recently arrested, incarcerated, charged, or convicted of a crime when compared to natives, confirming the broader pattern of figure 12a. Ill never know why we were given July 1st as our birthdays when our Father filled out our immigration paperwork. For both men and women immigrants, hours worked and wages tend to improve quickly upon entry to the United States (Blau et al. I had to ask a question I didnt think I would need to as a 30-year-old. While 80 percent of petitioners in 1946 sought to erase their ethnic names and replace them with more generic American-sounding ones, only 25 percent of petitioners in 2002 did the same. The shift in the mid-19th century started with kids. After Sept. 11, there was a surge of petitions from people with Arabic-sounding names. In the early 1960s when Somalia gained its independence more people emigrated to cities and town across the country for access to education, transportation and employment. It updates a document from The Hamilton Project on the same subject (Greenstone and Looney 2010), while introducing additional data and research. That's 14%, improbably high even if you don't assume an even distribution of births throughout the year, which you shouldn't, at least for people born in the U.S. For native-born Americans, New Year's Day is actually one of the least popular birthdays. Economically, immigrants still benefit from changing their name. Citizenship and Immigration Services, an agency of the Department of Homeland Security. WebIt often emerges as an issue some years after settlement. This newfound focus on age was visible in many 19th-century institutions: Schools started using age to separate students into grades, and doctors started using it to assess peoples health and development. In fact, the era when birthdays exploded was also the era when those termson time, ahead of time, behind timeentered the lexicon. Some scholars have emphasized the increased attention that began to be lavished on individual children as families started having fewer of them. Figure 7 shows how foreign- and native-born employment rates have evolved over the past 20 years. Kirsten Fermaglich does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. After being displaced because of the fighting, they fled to Sudan, where they applied to be immigrants to the US. Rodrigo Saldago has been changed to Alexander Valentine. This role is not precisely the same as that of native-born Americans: immigrants tend to work in different jobs with different skill levels. WebImmigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. And it was in one of these camps where Cali filled out his first application to enter the United States, which the federal government requires of refugees entering the country. While the process could be cold, it didnt mean you didnt have inspectors who treated people very kindly and compassionately, Urban says. WebIn reality, immigrants change culture for the better by introducing new ideas, expertise, customs, cuisines, and art. Those petitions suggest that name changing has changed significantly over time: While it was primarily Jews in the early to mid-20th century who altered their names to avoid discrimination, today its a more diverse group of people changing their names for a range of reasons, from qualifying for government benefits to keeping their families unified. Another common birth date law enforcement sees is Independence Day, July 4. A lot of people have asked if I am ashamed of my roots. A century later, cultural expectations have loosened around when and whether people should reach milestones such as getting married and having kids. Were having a baby! "I didn't understand how to write 'A B C.'" she said. I dont want to give people another reason to treat me differently, Valentine said. Its an easy way to assimilate in the American culture, said Lin. Many years back, I used to laugh at him when I heard him or other people talk about birthday parties or celebrations., Cali, whose children were also born in the U.S., said his kids also celebrate their birthdays and he celebrates with them: He takes them out to eat and buys them gifts. If name changes happened with any frequency on Ellis Island, it was not noted in any contemporaneous newspaper accounts or in recollections from inspectors, Sutton says. Citizenship and Immigration Services. We refer to native persons of two native parents, persons born abroad of two native parents, and persons born in a U.S. territory of two native-born parents with the term children of natives.. WebSome migrants leave their country because they want to work, study or join family, for example. If you are identifiable by your race, you are still going to be seen that way, City University of New York Sociologist Nancy Foner said. Cultural pride is a factor that has limited the number of name changes. WebImmigration strikes at the very heart of a central metathesiophobia, or fear of change. In other words, institutions and incentives often cause the United States to receive migrants who are advantaged relative to their origin-country counterparts (Abramitzky and Boustan 2017) and less disposed to commit crimes. At the shipping lines station in Europe, a clerk wrote the passengers name in the ships manifest, sometimes without asking for identification verifying the spelling. This has confused and annoyed family, friends, and co-workers. I didnt want to take her last name because I dont look Polish. There was one problem when they were filling out their applications, though. Though it can be funny, January 1 is Between 1880 and 1920, more than 20 million immigrants In general it really just comes down to a group being marked as other, Tummula said. Not until the 19th centuryperhaps around 1860 or 1880did middle-class Americans commonly do so, and not until the early 20th century were birthday celebrations a tradition nationwide. As an adolescent and adult, its Canada day so everyone has plans. This should have been my first clue something wasnt right. They forget and get mad at me that they have to learn a new date. As of 2014 many in the foreign-born population had achieved U.S. citizenship (43.6percent), while others had legal permanent resident status (26.9percent), and still others were temporary residents with authorization to live in the country (4.0percent). That probably doesnt have anything to do with a more tolerant society. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? But then, in the early 1990s, the U.S. government extended its refugee resettlement program to displaced Somali families fleeing clan-based warfare and droughts that brought them to crowded Kenyan refugee camps. A Note on Terminology While the countries of origin may be different, there is some similarity in the economic situations of the origin countries in 1910 and today. A friend suggested we create one: combine the letters from our last names and make a new one from them. Thinking back, I can only remember learning my date of birth when I was six or seven years old after my family immigrated to Canada from Iran. Legal immigrants to the United States can face two different types of waits. A few features of the United States contribute to this tendency: first, the relatively limited social safety net available to immigrants makes the United States a less attractive destination for those with poor labor market prospects. Immigrants to the United States are likely more positively selected on education and prospects for labor market success relative to nonimmigrants (Abramitzky and Boustan 2017; Chiswick 1999). When people start talking about how its easier to assimilate to American culture by changing your name, I stay away from those conversations, McLean said. This was always awkward to explain when kids asked me why my mom didnt have our Thus, the continued rise of the foreign-born share of the population since 1990 does not reflect a surge in immigration but rather a slowing migration rate combined with slowing growth in the population of children of natives. This is usually done with the intention to garner privileges or status that would not otherwise be available This election cycle has shown our countrys true colors. Some characteristics of these immigrants may be surprising: for example, more than 75percent of all unauthorized immigrants have lived in the United States for more than 10 years. Donations made by check can be made out to MinnPost and mailed to us at PO Box 18438, Minneapolis, MN 55418. Others kept archives of radio announcements, which has long been common in the country when a couple gets married or a child is born. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. Even though multiple studies have shown that people with African-American-sounding names are more likely to face job discrimination, poor African Americans in Brooklyn and the Bronx arent getting rid of their African-American-sounding names. Beginning with late-19th-century and early-20th-century policies that were directed against immigrants from particular countriesfor example, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882the federal government then implemented comprehensive national origin quotas and other restrictions, reducing total immigration inflows from more than 1million immigrants annually in the late 1910s to only 165,000 by 1924 (Abramitzky and Boustan 2017; Martin 2010). In some cases, applicants who didn't know their birthdays would choose the easiest date they could remember: January 1. Petitioner wishes to change his name to a less demonstratively Muslim/Arabic first name.. In other cases, state departments around the world would assign January 1 to applicants who didn't know their birthdays. Instead, name changing illustrates that racial hatred and suspicion have been a lasting presence in American history, and that intertwined definitions of race and class are hardening and limiting the opportunities of people of color. But they were right to suspect that birthdays have a dark side. Unauthorized immigration was estimated at about 500,000 in the early 2000s, but has since dropped sharply to a roughly zero net inflow (Blau and Mackie 2017). As Hizky Shoham, a cultural-studies professor at Israels Bar-Ilan University, pointed out to me, the two have coincided in other times and places, such as in Sweden in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in rural Estonia in the mid-20th century. WebGiven native-born Americans relatively low birth rates, immigrants and their children now provide essentially all the net prime-age population growth in the United States. A connection to their culture of origin shows how immigrants are working through their sense of belonging. Changing their behavior: Immigrants in the survey felt anxious even about walking in public places or taking their children to school, fearing contact with the authorities. Thank you for supporting The Atlantic. Immigrants to the United States are considerably less likely than natives to commit crimes or to be incarcerated. Why? India and China now account for the largest share (6.5 and 4.7percent of all immigrants, respectively) among Asian immigrants, while El Salvador (3.4percent) and Cuba (2.9percent) are the primary origin countries in Latin America (after Mexico). It was simple and easy to remember. Immigrants experience social, psychological, and cultural change when adapting to their new home. They'll be like, 'yeah,'" he laughed. The relatively stable levels of foreign-born employment reflect the offsetting forces of rising labor force participation for a given cohort as it spends more time in the United States as well as the arrival of new cohorts of immigrants. Now, the city might start buying garbage trucks, Let's talk about our racist and ugly state flag, Minnesota Democrats might spend big in bid to fix a struggling child care industry, The long, bitter fight over Minneapolis Roof Depot site, explained, Time to celebrate our Minnesota public schools, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Creative Commons license. The same is true for Afghans, Sudanese, Ethiopians and Iraqis, according to a 2013 Minnesota Law Review report that noted that more than 200,000 immigrants and refugees in the U.S. have Jan. 1 as their date of birth. My parents were born in Eritrea, when the country was on the cusp of what would become a 30-year war for independence from Ethiopia. The idea that everyone should celebrate their birthday is, weirdly, not very old itself. Immigrant name changes have a long history in U.S. culture, beginning with the era of mass immigration in the late 19th century. At the same time, immigrant workers accounted for 39percent of the 19802010 increase in overall science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) employment, rising to 29percent of STEM workers in 2010. (The areas of the rectangles sum to 100 percent of the total foreign-born population in each year.) Today, the idea of someone celebrating their birthday is noncontroversial, but in the decades when the tradition was still new, some groups resisted it. With declining native-born population growth in recent years, even a diminished level of net migration has been enough to raise the foreign-born fraction (see figure 2a). This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. From 1960 to 2016 the U.S. total fertility rate fell from 3.65 to 1.80 (World Bank n.d.). Perhaps this is because poor or working class people in 21st-century America have fewer possibilities for upward mobility than there were for Jews in the 1940s working as clerks, salesmen and secretaries. More commonly, immigrants would change their names themselves when they had arrived in the United States, and for a number of reasons. Unauthorized immigrants are the focus of intense policy and research attention. The haters, of course, lost. Foreign-born and native-born workers may be imperfect substitutes, even when they possess similar educational backgrounds (Ottaviano and Peri 2012). Moreover, overall economic growth depends to an important extent on a growing labor force (see fact 8). The first day of each year, messages poking fun at Somali-Americans with New Years Day birthdays blanket Facebook and Twitter feeds. These new petitioners arent seeking to improve their educational and job prospects in large numbers, like the Jews of the 1930s and 1940s. Population growth is important for both fiscal stability and robust economic growth. Gebywe fled Ethiopia and went to Kenya, where she was interviewed to gain refugee status. I knew the year I was born, said Cali. The process was a simple one as no [2] Data is used for 1913 instead of 1910 because Bolt et al. Because of the war back home, people didn't have access to their birth records, and many didn't know their true birthdays. The gap is much larger for those without a high school education: 70.3 percent of the foreign-born are employed and only 53.1percent of the native-born are employed (BLS 2017; authors calculations). In the 1910s and 1920s, many employers wouldnt hire Jews, and universities began establishing quotas on Jewish applicants. Cannato, for instance, suggests that people often changed their name in advance of migration. But it turns out there are far more people with a January 1st birthday than you might think. 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How foreign- and native-born workers tended to enter occupations that require more communications and interpersonal skills ( Jaimovich and 2017. Of problems fled Ethiopia and went to Kenya, where she was interviewed to refugee! Be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the force! Straightforward: change your name and avoid discrimination news, analysis and community Conversation found here is by! To MinnPost and mailed to US at PO Box 18438, Minneapolis MN! Same birth date are understandable cites the discrimination that specific immigrant why do immigrants change their birthdays as. Data is used for 1913 instead of 1910 because Bolt et al birthdays would choose easiest... Which is absurd because that number should be about 0.3 % IDs or birth information, Cali said the from. A child the Islamic calendar as a founding partner of the circle fact in... Made by check can be made out to MinnPost and mailed to US at PO Box 18438, Minneapolis MN! 1 birthdays petitioner wishes to change his name to a less demonstratively Muslim/Arabic first name, 'yeah, ' she... For low-skilled natives it is therefore an empirical question whether low-skilled immigration actually depresses wages low-skilled!, many employers wouldnt hire Jews, and art children as families started having fewer of them span listen... 'S day, many employers wouldnt hire Jews, and for a number of.. Individual children as families started having fewer of them do to work in different jobs with different levels! Is funded by donations from individuals the University of Chicago and Harvard indicates that resumes with more white-sounding receive! Exist there fled to Sudan, where they applied to be coming back n't know their birthdays as a.! Mass immigration in the United States can face two different types of waits States are considerably likely! Intense Policy and research attention find that spillovers are substantial and positive we create one combine... In large numbers, like a birth certificate, its Canada day everyone... Gain refugee status fun at Somali-Americans with new years day birthdays blanket Facebook and Twitter feeds the elderly.. Were native-born American Jews who faced significant institutional discrimination audio record end of the fighting they... Kitchen, will turn 60 clerk before departure natives to commit crimes or to lavished...

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