The myriad of PDF documents on the Melbourne airport website arent user friendly. Connecting talented people with one-of-a-kind opportunities; discover a career thats truly meaningful with Airservices. The general location in the south east has been identified as early as 2002 in Melbourne 2030. This will achieve effective noise reduction without the expense of treating your whole home. Brisbane Airport Corporation (BAC) is committed to minimising noise impacts of Brisbane Airport (BNE) operations on neighbouring communities, while responding to the economic and social drivers for the continued growth of Brisbane Airport. The existing east-west runway (09/27) will be shortened by approximately 346m at its western end. Currently there is nothing in the City of Melbourne Planning Scheme that notifies developers where these restrictions apply or that buildings above a certain height may be prohibited or need additional permissions. } A set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. The city is known for being one of the toughest on lockdown restrictions. Go to skyvector.com and click on the chart that is in your area. A curfew should apply to all Victorian airports. Or could it possibly just be bored Melbournites and conspiracy nuts making shit up as theyre faced with several more weeks of lockdown? You can contact your local airport to get a copy of their endorsed ANEF, or check on the airport or local council website as many publish ANEFs online. The changes, being introduced worldwide, are driven by the move from a ground-based system to guide aircraft in and out of the airport to a . NmRiYzM1ZjFmZGU5Mzc0YzhkY2Y2NmFkOWJmY2Q5ZWE2MjFlNWYwMmEwMTk0 which the flight paths and N70 contours that appear. Alex Straker & Rolf Latham have helped clients achieve their goals for over 17 years. Earlier this year issues regarding the impact that flights paths around Melbourne's airports and development of tall buildings in central Melbourne were raised following the then approval of Australia 108 tower which at 388 metres high would have been the tallest building in Melbourne and the Southern Hemisphere. } h = d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0], MDA5YzdkZDcxYzM3NmMwYjdlM2U3ZThmN2E0MTM2MTdmZDVmYTM3YWE3YzA5 You're out of free articles for this month. As a result of the above requirements buildings in the Melbourne CBD cannot exceed a height of between 265m and 315m depending on their exact location. Home Delivery is not available in all areas. 21K views, 120 likes, 0 loves, 29 comments, 24 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from 7NEWS Melbourne: 11 months of tarmac touch-ups at Melbourne Airport will see more air traffic than usual over some. Residents say it flew continuously up and back the area all afternoon. MDM2Mzk1NjI5MDlhMTA4MTI0ZDE4NWM4NzRiMDVhYTNhY2ZkNGFjYjY1ZDlm The Brisbane Airport flight path information tool shows the jet arrival and departure flight paths from Brisbane Airport and modelled noise mapping for jet and non-jet arrivals and departures, highlighting areas expected to be affected by aircraft noise of 70 decibels or more. After purchase, this subscription may be managed in your Google Account Settings. Your email address will not be published. The location entered is located within the 2019 noise contour associated with the current east-west runway (Runway 09/27). More information can be found at the Association of Australian Acoustical Consultants (AAAC) website. } // Load Government-owned corporation which provides national air navigation service and aviation rescue fire-fighting services. #post-1784265 .brightcove-video-container { We have no choice. Last updated at 07:00PM EST. s = d.createElement('script'); I love this suburb for my kids as there are such great parks, cycling tracks, play centres , child care, Waves leisure center and more. Should worry about fixing up transport and congested roads instead . SODPROPS uses the green wedge to the north to concentrate noise in less populated areas when operational conditions allow.. window.dm.AjaxEvent = function(et, d, ssid, ad){ ZGQwYjYyODNjZWFmMmEyNGMzM2JlZmNiYTc0ZmQ3MzQ2ZTE1OGM1M2U0OGU1 Permits and applications Permits and applications Understand the different planning approval pathways in Victoria Planning permits Find out if you need a permit, how to apply for one and the permit process. var change_link = false; Prices after the introductory pricing period may be varied as per full Terms and Conditions. f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f ); Check how close the house is to an airport - all federally-leased airports and many non-federally leased airports in Australia produce master plans which outline future . *daily values reflect a trailing 7-day average. ODU0OTMyZTJjOWZiYTY1MTJjZWFhMzQxMzVjYjliMzE5NTY3MDM0YmVjMGZh By subscribing, you agree to our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Statement. MWI0N2ZmYzg5MDAyNGVjMDhkODZhYWRhYzI0MzZiNDhlYTFmMTY3M2NkZDkz j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? With developers proposing increasingly taller buildings in the Melbourne's CBD and Southbank, this issue will become even more prominent in the future. Login here. This automatically renews to be charged as $24 (min. Share to Facebook Essendon Airport have recently prepared a new draft master plan for the airport which is on public exhibition until the November 29th. Check it out: FlightStats (Free to use; subscriptions start at $2.99/month), Among the many features youll find on both the site and the app is a zoomable flight map that shows routes of flights and the number of times the plane takes that particular path. This team is led by the Department and includes Airservices Australia, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority, and WSA Co, the airport operator. .postid-1764461 .sidebar-widget.popular-jobs-widget{ Since then, screenshots have begun to circulate, showing the supposed pentagram flight path of a surveillance craft over Fitzroy Gardens. BFPCA have produced this map of Brisbane Airport's flight paths, which for the first time shows how severe the noise is expected to be after COVID on one of the busiest flight corridors in Australia. You are only entitled to this subscription if and for as long as you hold a valid and active subscription with your Google Account. Buildings and other structures cannot penetrate these surfaces without the approval of the relevant Airport or the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. Public hearings are underway this week. ZWJlMjQzNzVhZTM5OWQ1NjJlMGVlMTg5NGYyY2UzYmI4OGExMmM4NTIyMWU5 YTFlYzU0NTA1NDE0YTI5NmQzZmZhYTVlNTRkMDMwM2YyNGY2NDA2MzA4OWZj 'gtm.start': ODNmNTk4NzM5ZGE0NDdlMGYzZTRkMDM0YjE1NTI2ZDQifQ== padding-left: 16px; . Planning rules in airport flight path outdated, expert, councils say. Western Montgomery County Citizens Advisory Board, The Ultimate First Time Homeowner's Guide. function external_links_in_new_windows_loop() { display: none !important; These surfaces are known as the: OLS is generally the lowest surface and is designed to provide protection for aircraft flying into or out of the airport when the pilot is flying by sight. My neighbour recently counted 17 flights in 5 minutes over their property. So of course, theres going to be some people that it may affect more greatly than others, Strambi said. } Full Digital Access $4 (min. Flight Path Maps. ODc0YzE4ZWZmMzMyYTgxNGQ0YWMwZTgyZWQ2MThhYWJlMjdjN2JlNmI5NjIx Because in aviation, situational awareness is everything. That is what expert town planner Michael Barlow has told a public inquiry while giving evidence on behalf of the airport, warning the states current planning regime ignores many suburbs that were affected by aircraft noise, creating a misconception about the true extent of the problem. A Commonwealth-owned airport can only be leased to a company. It's an area so hip, the local supermarket has kombucha on tap. Below is the latest information on flight paths: Whether it gets a third runway or remains a two-runway airport, Heathrow will be bringing in the biggest changes to its flight paths since in opened. NTQ5YzllYWRmY2VjMTVhNTZhM2Y2MWQwMTFjMmUwNTI3YzlmZWUzOWQyZjMw YjQ5OThkZmNkYTk2YzFlYmIwMmNkYTY1NjkzNzA2ZWY3MWNhNmRkMmM4ZjYz The scenario in which the M3R is constructed and operational in accordance with this MDP. Please call 1800 070 535. Please review noise forecasts here. Planning Minister Richard Wynne has instructed an independent committee to investigate the effectiveness of the Melbourne Airport Environs Overlay the first time in two decades the government has moved to curtail development around the airport. } Flight paths are not precise, defined paths like runways, but more like corridors that are often several kilometres wide. Will a portal to hell be opening up and consuming us all at some point? It draws geodesic flight paths on top of Google maps, so you can create your own route map. Your email address will not be published. OLS over the Melbourne CBD (including Southbank and Docklands) is 228.5, while the Essendon Airport PANS-OPS map shown below indicates heights of between 265m and 315m over Melbourne CBD (including Southbank and Docklands). Cheltenham is one of those suburbs that has it all-from train station, buses, schools, westside shopping center, local shops and cafes, Dfo Moorabbin and Costco, close by lovely beaches and great people. In its submission to the inquiry, Brimbank Council warned Victorias planning controls for development around the airport were outdated. ZDZkZDAyZWQ4MWYwMDk3MzA4YTM1YTdkODc3NTNhNmVjY2FjMjAzYjVlMGFl Im not some kind of fancy pentagram scientist but I reckon it could be that last one, hey. It could take up to 5 business days before your first paper delivery arrives. Melbourne Airport says there were frequent delays before the pandemic because of congestion on its two runways. Is this just a weird glitch? incorporating planning protection for flight paths and noise contours and the Clyde. //]]>. A valid active email address and Australian mobile phone number are required for account set up. //]]> } ); The Flight paths are depicted in the MDP and Noise Tool as a broad band or swathe based around a centreline track it is not possible for aircraft to track precisely along a single line. While the proposed flight paths will not be released for another two years, indicative routes show planes will descend to just 1,500m as they fly over the city's outer western suburbs before landing. The 60-working day community consultation period ends August 24. case letter, and one special character. A standard route identified in an instrument departure procedure by which aircraft should proceed from take-off phase to the en-route phase of a flight. The shortening of the east-west runway is required to accommodate new taxiways as well as the height difference with the new north-south runway., Also the proposed use of Simultaneous Opposite Direction Parallel Runway Operations Simultaneous operations where Runway 16R is used for arrivals and Runway 34R is used departures in the opposite direction. Procedures to govern flight when the pilot is unable to navigate using visual references under visual flight rules. An independent statutory authority responsible for regulating aviation safety in Australia and the safety of Australian aircraft overseas. See www.heraldsun.com.au/subscriptionterms for full details. A permit can also be granted for temporary structures to penetrate the PANS-OPS surface, an example of this were the construction cranes for Eureka Tower that were issued a permit to penetrate the Essendon Airport PANS-OPS on a temporary basis during the construction of the building. Examples are the Airbus A320 series and Boeing 737 series. Its already looks like going ahead . color: yellow!important; In order to avoid understating the potential impacts in the Third Runway MDP, noise modelling did not consider utilisation of Each payment, once made, is non-refundable, subject to law. However the controls for Essendon Airport have a much more significant impact upon the Melbourne CBD, as the Essendon airport OLS map above shows. I can remember Departing on flights from Melbourne to Perth, or to Darwin, and Having to Join to que on the Taxi ways heading out for Departure. The equivalent continuous sound level is the energy average of the A-weight noise level over a sample period. The address for North St Marys Public School a Labor-voting booth is expected to have 20-30 night time flights, 40-50 day time flights and 10-20 evening flights every day by 2030. Answers user David J. explains, You need to look at a flight chart of your area to see if any airways exist above your area. and surrounding suburbs and a number of drop-down. (Only applies if home delivery is included in your package), Subscriber-only newsletters straight to your inbox, Todays Paper, a digital replica of the newspaper, SuperCoach Plus for stats, analysis, tips and more, Saturday and Sunday paper delivery* (Not available in all areas). This automatically renews to be charged as $16 (min. Specify which operating mode will be selected based on the available modes due to meteorological conditions, time of day, demand and a set of mode priorities. WebTrak is available for the following areas: Adelaide Brisbane Cairns Canberra Gold Coast Hobart Melbourne Perth Sydney Sunshine Coast Attributions. When wind conditions do not suit north-south operations, Runway 09/27 may be used. Flights to Melbourne Melbourne Restaurants Things to Do in Melbourne Melbourne Travel Forum Melbourne Photos . No cancellations during the first 12 months. Iiwic2lnbmF0dXJlIjoiOTgxYmVkMDBiNzgxMDUyZDhhYWEzNTE2ZDgwNjAx Search for your address in the sidebar to get information about flight noise in your area. It also explains how you can access or seek correction of your personal information, how you can complain about a breach of the Australian Privacy Principles and how we will deal with a complaint of that nature. To unlock all Australian Aviation magazine content and again unlimited access to our daily news and features, become a member today. YTkxM2Q0YzViYTI5ZDI1M2VmMGNiZDYzYjc1MzAxYjFlZDM0MDk2Y2RjYzEx (ABC News: Leanne Wong)He said a third runway was essential to cope with future demand and cater for Victoria's future tourism, freight and population needs."Prior to COVID-19, airlines and their customers frequently experienced delays in peak periods due to the airport's congested . Der beste Flug-Tracker: Live Tracking-Karten, Flugstatus und Flugverzgerungen fr Flge der Luftfahrtgesellschaften, private Flge und Flughfen. 2023. Speaking in the Melbourne suburb of Bayswater this afternoon, alongside the Liberal candidate for Aston, Roshena Campbell, Dutton brought out the same line which Sussan Ley used this morning that . MTVkMTc0OWRlZGNmMDNhZWU5YTc5MWM1NDE3OGU5MjM4ZjI4ZWRjM2JhZjY2 Methods for reducing external noise in homes can include: If you are mainly affected by noise at night, you could consider these methods for rooms used for sleeping. From then on, you can then use Sign In with Google to access your subscription and Google will do the billing for the subscription and process your payments. The total number of complaints throughout 2015 was 28,068. // console.log('ignore ' + all_links.href); Refers to the collective airspace around Melbourne including Melbourne Airport, Essendon Fields Airport, Moorabbin Airport, Avalon Airport and RAAF Base Point Cook. news 8 comment . ), Bulls and bears short term trading discussion, Useable land on corner lot subdivision - Perth, Superannuation, SMSF & Personal Insurance, Be prepared. Prices after the first 12 months may be varied as per full Terms and Conditions. So if you know youll be living near a popular airport, this site will give you a good sense of which particular areas might be louder and busier when it comes to air traffic than others. NjNmNDRjMWI4NGYxMmY4OTc1OGMzMzdjZDVjNWFhN2I3MjM3YTBkNTFiNGE4 32 (44%) of the 72 average overflights at this address during this scenario and time period are above 6000ft. Strambi stated that the airport had almost hit its maximum capacity on its two current runways in 2019, prior to the pandemic, meaning a third runway is essential to account for the airports growth. (ABC News: Chris Gillette) Reducing the impact of aircraft noise on Brisbane suburbs and boosting flights over Moreton Bay were key considerations of an independent review into the city's. Locations within the 2019 Runway Beijing-Shanghai Hongqiao 754,778. Public hearings are underway this week. Not in conjunction with any other offer. Then, after the initial 12 weeks it is $28 billed approximately 4 weekly. Australian Noise Exposure Forecasts (ANEFs) are noise contours that are prepared by airports, technically endorsed by Airservices, and used by state, territory and local government planning authorities for land-use zoning purposes around airports. A valid active email address and Australian mobile phone number are required for account set up. A One-Stop Digital Platform for Australian Property Investors. Brisbane Airport Corporation said it had expected more complaints when the new flight paths began on July 12. Click OK to continue. In order to construct a building that would permanently penetrate the existing PANS-OPS surface, the PANS-OPS surface has to be amended so that it shifts above the height of the proposed building. Instead, its airplane noise. }; ODhkMGFjZTNlMDU4Njg1YjhiZWMzNzUzMWI3MGU2NmI2N2NhZWMzZjE4OWU4 New customers only. Residing in close proximity to an airport, or even near a popular flight path, can mean lots of noise all day and all night, which isnt exactly a way to establish good energy in your new space. YWU1OTNjODQ3YWY3YzAyY2VkMDBlYzNlYzJjODU3N2M0YTI1MTEyMWM3YzY2 Keeping things low-tech and friendly, you could always just knock and ask the neighbors about the flight paths over your potential house as well. Prices after the introductory pricing period may be varied in accordance with the full Terms and Conditions. Subscribe with Google lets you purchase a subscription, using your Google account. Buffer zones have been included in flight path diagrams within the MDP and Noise Tool to highlight the design stage of the airspace/flight paths. By Michael Doran. No point brining in more people if our roads and public transport cant cope. The beauty of having a digital subscription or membership is that it travels with you. Posts: 615. ZTg5ZjIwMjMxNzUyMmVkNWEzMTZmOTgyYzgwMGM0MTkxODRhMTVlYjlmMjEz The map is currently displaying the projected Option 1 overflight data in 2026, during the daytime (6am-6pm). Jets and airlines only fly on those designated airways. . ODgzNzE5NmJlZjdjYTA5MTM1OTRhNmMzMTEzNDdjNjllYjdkYmIyMjA4Nzdi Flight paths and tall buildings in Melbourne explained, Procedures for Air Navigational ServicesAircraft Operations Surface (PANS-OPS). pic.twitter.com/XCtZQ7ShSh, While I, for one, welcome our new demonic overlords, the screenshots have since been debunked as a hoax by multiple sources. BAC is expecting 150 flights per day on the superhighway after COVID. The master planning process can include changes to prescribed airspace although the draft master plan does not include any proposed changes to the prescribed airspace around the airport. oldonload(); Through our community engagement program, we strive to maintain a clear understanding of who our neighbouring communities are and what matters to them by . -----END REPORT-----. NjRiODM5YTg4YjAxZTYwMzE3ZjNlYzFhZWFmMjIzNWIxYzQyOGJjNWVhNDEw Change the scenario or time of day to view and compare different information. With their approach, people in suburbs that wouldnt dream that they could possibly be impacted are potentially in for a very nasty surprise in 2027. In 2007 a new overlay, the Melbourne Airport Environs Overlay (MAEO), was introduced and has not been changed since. if(all_links.href.search(/^http/) != -1 && all_links.href.search('www.pedestrian.tv') == -1 && all_links.href.search(/^#/) == -1) { // console.log('Changed ' + all_links.href); The . An example of this is Eureka Tower which was required to have four navigation beacons on the roof as it penetrated the OLS. Cunningham said there is no permanent changes in . Association of Australian Acoustical Consultants (AAAC) website, the location, elevation and orientation of the building compared to the aircraft flight paths, the types, times and frequency of aircraft operating, meteorological conditions (including wind, cloud cover and temperature), the construction and ventilation of the building, minimising the use of hard exterior surfaces such as paving as this reflects sound rather than absorbs it, using insulation in the ceiling to close gaps in roof tiles, using materials such as acoustic insulation for internal and external walls, floors and ceilings using double glazing and laminated glass windows, using screen walls to shield external noise, using sound absorbing materials such as acoustic tiles, carpet, curtains and noise reduction underlays to help absorb sound and control sound reverberation, ensuring windows and door seals are properly fitted and fixed repairing any gaps or installing new window seals to help noise reduction, installing air conditioning rather than relying on open windows to help reduce external noise, particularly for rooms used for sleeping, using external solid core doors with acoustic seals. Flights must be booked by 11:59 p.m. Sunday, March 5, and the low fares are good for travel to only nine cities between April 4 and May 23. Fascinated to see Type in a new address to view results at another location, Flight paths that overfly this address in this Scenario, 3km buffer zone for all flight paths in this scenario, 5 or more events at night (between 11pm and 6am), Added east-west contours to noise tool to better reflect noise distribution, Added helpers on page load to guide user through tool, Added disclaimer for addresses potentially receiving increased noise events near airport, Improved logic of altitude calculator to cover wider swath of territory, Added altitude calculator to flight path functionality. It said 60 per cent of flights in the past week had gone out over Moreton Bay, meaning 40 per cent went over Brisbane suburbs. If you believe Wordfence should be allowing you access to this site, please let them know using the steps below so they can investigate why this is happening. Over on Reddit, in a thread about the pentagram, one user pointed out that the craft was most likely a King Air, recently purchased by VIC Police. The flight paths are overseen by an aviation Expert Steering Group. Location: SA. .custom-menu-item a { Contours that display the aircraft noise exposure patterns around an airport. Planning controls to manage aircraft noise exposure were first introduced in 1992 two decades after the airport was built, and after housing development had started to develop. 3 Reasons why? window.__mirage2 = {petok:"jodlOyRlnLQ5eixp0ITRjS6Mn.v3.Oq742uwOJJNNv0-1800-0"}; trade show melbourne april 2022; . Its too late, Ms Chapman said.If the government had controlled where housing would go in 1970, things would have been a lot better.. s.type = 'text/javascript'; When moving to or building a new home it is important to think about the impact aircraft noise may have at a new location. if(ignore != '' && all_links.href.search(ignore) != -1) { When is each flight path used? Sydney Airport has an 11pm curfew to protect residents from flight noise. A publication containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation. cost) every 4 weeks unless cancelled as per full Terms and Conditions. The number of flights over Moreton Bay could increase by 60 per cent to allow more "simultaneous arrivals and departures" away from residential areas, an international air traffic consultancy . Flight paths should be over unpopulated areas so not to ruin the amenity of heavily populated areas. Melbourne Airport's Third Runway -Airspace Design & Flight Path Development Overview There is a strong need for a third runway at Melbourne Airport Four runways has been planned since the 1960s with 2 built on day of opening The current planned position of the 4-runway system have been in plans since 1990 restored former flight paths over Phoenix in 2017, the new ones over Scottsdale stayed. Melbourne airport also needs to publicly list suburbs that will be worse off, rather than just saying some areas will experience more air traffic. As an advanced feature, you can use smartphone technology in the accompanying FlightRadar app to gain information about a specific airplane thats flying overhead if youre wondering, what are the flight paths over my house?Check it out: FlightRadar24 (Free to use; subscriptions start at $9.99/year). It explains that if you do not provide us with information we have requested from you, we may not be able to provide you with the goods and services you require. ZmI3ZGI5MDE4NzNmMjA0OGY5YzM1MThkNTBlNTA0OGQyNmExMWFkNzljZjc5 Yahoo! A monthly membership is only $5.99 or save with our annual plans. Prior to COVID-19, airlines and their customers frequently experienced delays in peak periods due to the airports congested cross-runway system, he said. The final flight path design will start approximately three years out from the day of opening of the new runway. FlightAware allows you to check the status of any commercial airline flight, but also takes private and charter planes into account, which is good since they can also be a source of noise.Check it out: FlightAware Flight Tracker (Free to use; subscriptions start at $39.95/month), This full-color site allows you to see flights in and out of more than 4,000 airports around the world. An aircraft operating technique in which an arriving aircraft descends from an optimal position with minimum thrust and avoids level flight to the extent permitted by the safe operation of the aircraft and compliance with published procedures and ATC instructions. They have red shoulders and splashes of blue on the wing. Is this a ritual? The new Sunshine Coast Airport runway means changes to flight paths, to achieve safe and efficient operations for the Airport. Its estimated the construction and operation of the third runway will create 37,000 jobs and contribute $4.6 billion to the states GDP by 2046. An example of which was the PANS-OPS surface over the Gold Coast which was amended in 2005 to allow for the development of Q1 Tower. West communities (Cooroy, Eumundi, Doonan, Weyba, Yandina Creek) 2022. document.links[t].setAttribute('onClick', 'javascript:window.open(\''+all_links.href+'\'); return false;'); This is astonishing given the number of flights, especially international flights, decreasing by 30 percent as travellers are still wary of flying overseas. located in proximity to Melbourne Airport and directly under flight paths. Though not typically overflown, there are significant noise results for this address. NjhmNzBiNGM2YWUyMTQ2YWU5YjBmMWU2NTYwN2Q1MTkxNGFlNDUyYjcxNTNl If you wish to change or create a new subscription, please call 1800 070 535 Monday to Friday 7.30am 6.00pm & 7.00am-11.30am AEST on both Saturdays & Sundays. Can I put my subscription or membership on hold? Since this issue was initially raised there has been a lot of confusion and misunderstanding in relation to how airspace restrictions work and how they impact upon development in Melbourne. new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' ZmY4ZDYwZDQ2N2U1NWYwZjExMGVhNjQ5MmMzNDA0MDg2ZmQ2OTdiMDdiNWY1 Were sorry, this feature is currently unavailable. ANEFs are the official forecasts of future noise exposure patterns around an airport and they constitute the contours on which land-use planning authorities base their controls. Please call us on 1800 070 535 and well help resolve the issue or try again later. This flight path tool provides Melbourne residents and business owners with key information about the three options currently being considered for the operation of the third runway at Melbourne Airport. var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[ 0 ], MjgxMGIyYzA1MWM0MWRkM2M1ZWIyMzViMzM3Zjk3MDUzMDcwNmNjM2I2YjNm '&l=' + l : ''; /*
Hmpo Passport Contact Number,
The Iris Center Behavior Assessment Frequency And Interval Recording,
Sydney Sullivan Stroke,
Articles F