In 1910, George Garvin Brown published a booklet, The Holy Bible Repudiates Prohibition, in which he quoted passages from the Bible that showed divine approval of the consumption of beverage alcohol. Whiskey bonds became a very valuable commodity. In 1804, Franois Andr Michaux wrote, Kentuckians have preserved the manners of the Virginians. While the United States was searching for an identity, certain families were forming the basis for what were to become major whiskey empires. Virginians and pioneers from North Carolina, on the other hand, usually made their way to what became the Bluegrass State through the Cumberland Gap--a route that took them through the Appalachian Mountains on the Wilderness Trail.. Kentucky became especially powerful as they had exceptional corn and limestone-filtered water, plus easy access to rivers, enabling them to get their whiskey on a flatboat to St. Louis or New Orleans. More than a few accounts suggest as much, but as far as can be ascertained, it just isnt true. If temporary refuge from their plight lay in a slug of whiskey, they would find a way of getting it. Their arrival in America came at a time when the country was struggling to become self-sufficient. One thing was for sure--there would be major changes in the way the industry conducted itself. Trains and Boats and a New Look at Drinking Habits. How strong was mid-1800s liquor, specifically Whiskey? For the 18 year old rye whiskey, a special placard . Lem Motlow, who took over the Jack Daniel distillery when Jack retired in 1907, introduced Lem Motlows Tennessee Sour Mash, Jack Daniels No. The following year, 1792, the government reduced the taxes a little (down to around 7 per gallon from 11, dependent on proof), and Kentucky finally became a state. Though temperance societies had sprung up at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and grew stronger, larger, and more adamant about their quest after the Civil War, gone were the days of espousing moderation. The law allowed settlers to lay claim to 400 acres of land provided that they build a cabin and plant a patch of corn prior to 1778. They were shipping whiskey to all sorts of colorful Western towns--Laramie, Tombstone, Dodge City--but it wasnt always too good; much was completely unaged and cut with water. It was too much for the industry to bear. Due to his incompetency and the number of other scandals within his administration, by the end of 1874 Grant was not a popular man. But, in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln was forced to reintroduce the excise tax on whiskey to help pay for the Union war effort. Skirmishes continued between whiskey-makers and the tax collectors and resulted in a few revenue agents being tarred and feathered and others terrorized into handing over their excise books to the delinquent taxpayers, but the revolt didnt really come to a head until 1794. It was partially due to these efforts that Prohibition would be repealed some 13 years later. The term moonshine was probably coined by the Scots when new laws introduced in 1781 drove them to establish stills way up in the hills that could be operated surreptitiously, literally by the light of the moon. The aging factor needs a little more investigation. They were out to prevent accidents and to help those with a drinking problem take care of themselves. Carry Nation died of a stroke in 1911. The following month over 300 people (distillers and government employees) were arrested for their involvement in the Whiskey Ring, and everyone was certain that justice was being served. Public confusion. All whiskeys were, once again, whiskeys--some were blended, and some were straight--but the label had to declare which type was in the bottle. Bootleggers colored their white lightning with ingredients such as iodine and tobacco to make it look as though it had been in the wood for a few years. A paper, written in 1993 by Mervel V. Hanes, M.D. 8During the first half of the nineteenth century, America also saw a vast increase in immigration from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Germany--all countries whose inhabitants are generally regarded to be fond of a drink. With its 80-proof variety ranking as one of the top ten best-selling straight whiskeys on the market, this Jim Beam subsidiary has been at it since the 1800s with budget bottles that look like something your old man or his father would imbibe upon. After trading the slaves, gold, and pepper in Barbados, the ship returned to Rhode Island carrying 55 hogsheads of molasses, 3 hogsheads of sugar, and over 400 in bills of exchange. Of course, her actions werent without their drawbacks, Nation was jailed in Wichita, and a few other towns, but it never stopped her from going out and smashing more saloons whenever she was released. Okay, we have whiskey made using corn as the predominant grain, and we have some of that whiskey being aged in charred barrels. They had found that by using only the center cut of their distillate, and returning the end of the run back to the still for redistillation (a method still practiced today), they could remove unwanted bitter flavors from their whiskey. In modern terms, those seven gallons are the equivalent of 1.7 bottles of a standard 80-proof liquor per person, per week nearly 90 bottles a year for every adult in the nation. Not long after, many a fine barrel of whiskey was being made in the Bards Town area. None, however, were as successful as Aenaes Coffey, who, in 1831, patented his perfected continuous still in Britain. Although we cant say for certain how many people believed their claim as patriotic party do-gooders, evidence points to up to 15 million gallons of whiskey a year, which would have generated a cool $7.5 million in taxes--an extraordinary amount of money at the time--going untaxed between 1870 and 1874. Laird settled in Monmouth County, New Jersey, in 1698 and set about applying his knowledge of distillation to apples rather than barley malt. And these were not the bygone days when men were the sole decision makers, by this time women, too, had buying power--and they were discriminating consumers. Hamilton had estimated the national debt at about $54 million, and on July 1, 1791, the government started to enforce an excise tax on all spirits--imported and domestic. In 1776, Kentucky County was carved from the massive western part of Virginia previously known as Fincastle County, and a law known colloquially as corn patch and cabin rights, was issued by the Virginia General Assembly. The yearbook goes on to note the progress that the drys had made since the Leagues conception in 1893. Heres a list of the whiskey distillers still left in the game after Prohibition ended: On May 29, 1933, Franklin Roosevelt declared a national emergency that had been brought about by a series of events that culminated in the stock market crash of 1929 and the massive unemployment that followed. (If you shake a bottle of whiskey, the bubbles that form on top, known as the bead, are an indication of the amount of alcohol in the whiskey.). Fact is that the distillers needed to store their whiskey in tight or leakproof barrels, and at that time, tight barrels were used to store just about everything from water to molasses to linseed oil to tar. Rye whiskey was still very popular during the early twentieth century, and the number of bottlings of Pennsylvania Rye or Monongahela rye whiskey generally outnumbered the bourbons in advertisements of the time. Cutter, Chicken Cock and Old Forrester. Not only did the geographical aspects of Kentucky make it a tough area to invade, if Washington had decided to pick on Kentuckians rather than Pennsylvanians, he would have run the risk that the state would up and leave the union and join up with the Spanish, who controlled the land west of Kentucky. Enter Colonel Edmund Hayes Taylor Jr. Taylor, the man responsible for giving us Old Taylor bourbon in 1887, was known as a discerning distiller who focused on the high quality of his products. And although distillation of many different spirits continued in Illinois right up until Prohibition, the years that followed Repeal saw Kentucky, once again, become the whiskey center of America. Taylor William Samuels (Maker's Mark Bourbon) was operating a commercial distillery in Deatsville in 1844. A similar trust of that time was the Kentucky Distilleries and Warehouse Company (KDWC), formed in 1899. The company had $100,000 in capital and bought 100 acres of Louisville land where they built a huge distillery. : The Anti-Saloon League is not, strictly speaking, an organization. rye and malted barley Aged in oak barrels for an average of 5 . Tennessee enforced statewide Prohibition in 1910. The origins of whiskey can be traced back to the Medieval monks of both Ireland and Scotland, but now, those two countries make their own distinctive styles of their native spirit. There are still shiners in America today, and apparently the greatest concentration of such people is probably in the Carolinas. The theory that whiskey improved with age was proved once a whiskey-maker tasted his product after its journey downriver to New Orleans. The idea, in general terms, was to make each industry share the available work among as many people as possible. Old Fitzgerald whiskey started being marketed in Europe in 1904. The Ripy brothers opened a distillery in 1905 that would later be known as the Wild Turkey Distillery. 19 gallons were needed to produce one 16-inch naval shell. The company was acquired by United Distillers in 1991. Even so, Grant, at this point, made it clear that he wanted to clear up the whole mess and prosecute whoever was responsible for stealing the money. Luckily for us, a few of the business types had deep pockets and a long-term view, and these were the distillers who continued to make good whiskey. Eventually, the distillers gave in to Washington. A lid of sorts must then have been fitted onto the top of the log. During the first decades of the new century, science began to play a part in the manufacture of whiskey--due to a large extent to James Crows sour-mash methods. Those distillers whose whiskey had gained a good reputation started to give their product a name, and deserving of mention here is Oscar Pepper who, in 1838, built the Old Pepper Distillery, hired James Crow as master distiller, and marketed their whiskey as Old 1776--Born with the Republic. The name referred to Oscars father, Elijah, who settled in Kentucky in 1776 and made whiskey shortly thereafter; its one of the earliest references to whiskey men marketing their product. Daniel Weller (W. L. Weller Bourbon) floated into Bardstown on a flatboat in 1794. This was especially the case for gin. J. Bourbon whiskey was about to acquire its name. Since there wasnt a great deal in the way of entertainment back then, almost everyone was interested in a dram of whiskey. *motlow died in 1947. was the most consumed alcoholic liquor. In 1816, a company, registered in New England, incorporated in Kentucky under the name of the Hope Distilling Company; it was a very big venture--many years before its time. This 100-proof bourbon (and rye) got its 9-year-old age statement back in 2020 after it was removed for a few years . And once their orchards gave fruit, cider and perry (pear cider) were added to the menu. Sometime during the mid-1980s, people who were wont to throw $20 on the bar and stay there until it was gone, were no longer able to spend it on four or five Screwdrivers or seven or eight beers. It was statewide in some instances, and under various forms of local option (towns, counties, municipalities, or city districts having the right to legislate and enforce prohibition) in others. Whiskey had great value during the Civil War. As the U.S. population grew and the 1800's progressed, we see a steady rise in the consumption of American distilled spirits. 1 review of Standard Proof Whiskey - Austin "I'm going back. However, some documents had been discovered that pointed to reasons other than friendship for Grants change of heart. And telegraph wires were all the rage in this period, too; by 1850 over 50,000 miles of wire was strung up all over the place. One of his first acts was to convince Congress to grant money to investigate the alleged corruption within the Internal Revenue Service. A bottle exists today, produced in 1848, that bears the word bourbon and the distillers name, M. Bininger and Company of New York. And although it is possible that some early settlers built their own from imported raw materials, most were probably imported from Europe. He claimed that the ringleaders had encouraged the spirit of opposition by misrepresentation of the laws calculated to render them odious, and had sought to deter those who might be so disposed from accepting offices through fear of public resentment and of injury to person and property, and to compel those who had accepted such offices by actual violence to surrender or forbear the execution of them. He went on to say that the distillers had been inflicting cruel and humiliating punishments upon private citizens for . Suddenly, liquor store shelves were filled with new bottlings of old brands of fine American whiskey, old-looking bottlings of new brands, and a variety of new terms were being bandied about. Whiskey history is a long, adventurous story, and many brave people fought to keep the drink flowing along the way. According to Patricia M. Rice, author of Altered States, in 1873, Eliza Jane Thompson, a woman with a passionate distaste for the drinking classes, led 70 women to drugstores and bars in her hometown of Hillsboro, Ohio, where they stood outside and sang hymns and prayed. The woman had a mission, but her ways were too radical even for the WTCU--they eventually rejected her, leaving her without financial support. According to Gerald Carson in his book, The Social History of Bourbon, since the Northern soldiers had more money than their adversaries, they could buy more whiskey. What could they do with all the leftover grain after all their neighbors had bought or bartered enough to keep them in their daily bread for the next year or so? The manufacture of rum continued to be big business in America right through until 1808 when the U.S. prohibited the importation of slaves from Africa. Were charred barrels being used before that date? The plant is now owned by the Sazerac Company and produces Ancient Age, Eagle Rare, Benchmark, and a range of single-barrel bourbons--Blantons, Rock Hill Farms, Elmer T. Lee, and Hancocks Reserve. Rates were based on the alcoholic strength of the product, spirits made from home-grown products were taxed less than those made from imported goods (rum, made from imported molasses, therefore, was more-heavily taxed than whiskey), and an annual tax was levied on each still, dependent on its capacity. Luckily for the distillers, the FACA was controlled by Joseph Choate, a man who had been against Prohibition from the outset and who said that he intended to use as little external control as possible. FACA became the Federal Alcohol Administration in 1935, and the following year it issued updated classifications on all liquors. And although the town was originally known as Salem, the settlers soon adopted the name of their benefactor, and Bards Town (Bardstown) was born. The Canadians and the Scots, on the other hand, had plenty of aged whiskey, and they were champing at the bit to ship it into the States. Prohibition finally ended at 5:32 P.M., Eastern Standard Time, on December 5, 1933. But in those pre-pasteurization days, beer didnt keep too long, so they brewed only as much beer as would be consumed in the very near future. (Not all these people personally produced brand names that are now familiar to us, but they did establish a whiskey-making tradition in their respective families--the whiskeys with which these families became connected are noted.). Now and then one is caught, that must happen pro forma and then he must do time or, if he is wealthy enough, get someone to do time for him. This act stipulated that bonded whiskey must be: made at one distillery in one batch; aged for at least four years in warehouses supervised by the government, and bottled at 100? They installed grain-handling machinery that would do the work of 30 men; their two gigantic stills (one of them erected on an entirely new principle about which we can find no details) contained 10 tons of copper and produced enough used grain to feed 5,000 hogs. The country drank and drank, hardly knowing what was in the glass, everyone was out to achieve the high of all highs, and no one cared much how they did it. Raise a glass to the pioneers and heroes of the American whiskey industry: Jacob Beam, I. W. Bernheim, Colonel Blanton, Wattie Boone, A. Smith Bowman, George Garvin Brown, the Chapeze brothers, James Crow, Jack Daniel, J. W. Dant, George Dickel, Basil Hayden, Paul Jones, Henry McKenna, Tom Moore, Elijah Pepper, T. B. Ripy, Robert Samuels, the Shapira brothers, E. H. Taylor, Pappy Van Winkle, W. L. Weller, and Evan Williams. Its tempting to think that, with that law under their belts, Grant out of the way, and a somewhat standardized method of production, the whiskey men of America were able to sit back and make some money. (The army had stopped daily rations of liquor some 30 years previous, but it wasnt unusual for some commanders to issue whiskey to their troops.) However, they had to contend with a certain Dr. Wiley, head of the Bureau of Chemistry, a part of the Department of Agriculture, and a true believer in straight whiskey. J. When the first immigrants arrived on this continent, their love for alcohol in almost any shape or form led to a chain of events that would culminate in the creation of distinctive American whiskeys. Consequently, some at least were repeatedly looking for new land to farm. Yet it is undeniable that prohibition has in some respects been signally successful. And whereas Grant had originally claimed to have been grievously betrayed by McDonald, he now said that McDonald was a reliable friend, and cited McDonalds friendship with Babcock as good enough reason to believe him innocent of the charges. However, its interesting to look at why so many farmers in the century preceding independence were also distillers. The Stitzel distillery joined forces with the Weller company to form Stitzel-Weller. According to an approximate guide in the Dictionary of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries by William L. Downard, the consumption of pure alcohol (200? During the same period of time, names of other whiskey distillers crop up, and many of them have faded into obscurity. The book also gives recipes for the various tinctures and instructions on how to make a Bead for Liquors, calling for a two-to-one mixture of vitriol and sweet oil, one drop of which is sufficient to put a bead on a quart of liquor. The tradesmen started watering down their whiskey in order to pay less and get more. One man whose name has certainly not been forgotten was the notorious preacher, Elijah Craig, who arrived in Kentucky in 1786 and was making whiskey three years later. And although Grant allowed Babcock to return to his job at the White House, officials made sure that he was replaced just a few days later. These are mere incidents in its progress. ): During the period leading up to the Civil War, some brand-name whiskeys were becoming popular. With the help of some newspapermen in St. Louis, Bristow was about to crack the ring wide open. When Prohibition ended, not everyone was happy about it: Dry Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas (during Prohibition, most politicians were referred to as Wet or Dry), one of the authors of the eighteenth amendment, made a speech on January 16 (the date that Prohibition went into effect) of every year since 1920, commemorating the Noble Experiment. Specifically, when he . Oscar Pepper (James E. Pepper and Old Crow Bourbons) built the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery in 1838. (And we are willing to bet that if you had to choose between a one-year-old straight whiskey and a well-made blended whiskey, you, too, would pick the latter.). Lincoln replied that although he wasnt a member of any such society, he personally didnt drink. McDonald was somewhat of an old pal of the Presidents, having been recommended for his position by more than a couple of Julia Grants familys friends. Most whiskeys of this time was sold in barrels to retailers. (Many stories might never have met their deadlines if the hard-drinking journalists of yesteryear werent able to knock back a shot or two.) This legitimate whiskey was prized for its high quality, since unless people could get hold of smuggled Scotch, most of the other available whiskeys were roughly made and seldom aged by the moonshiners who produced them. His whiskeys, Old Crow and Old Pepper, were very popular during the Civil War, and he has always been hailed as the man who not only made good bourbon, but also knew exactly why his bourbon was good. We might as well ask who was the first person to bake bread. When Reconstruction began, President Andrew Johnson faced huge problems. But these were also the days when many people were stricken with a variety of weird and wonderful maladies that needed regular treatment with frequent tots of decent, aged, medicinal whiskey--the product of a loophole in the law that allowed certain distillers to sell whiskey for medicinal use. Babcock was finally brought to trial in 1876, and due in large part to testimony from Grant in the form of a deposition (Grant had offered to testify in person at the trial but was persuaded that Presidents just didnt do that sort of thing), he was acquitted of all crimes. from 1879 until her death in 1898, was Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard, born in Churchville, New York, in 1839. And though Schenley tried to make that point very clear by printing on the label Its ALL WhiskeyNo Alcohol or Spirits Added, the result was the wrath of blended whiskey producers who said that the words were a put-down of their products. Oscar Pepper, in the 1800s. Overall, the Civil Wars effect on the whiskey business, by no means negligible, was to whittle down the number of whiskey distilleries and distillers--a fact that probably didnt upset temperance advocate--and onetime tavern keeper--Abraham Lincoln. They used grains to feed their cattle or farm animals--if they had them. Other accounts say that Wattie Boone, a relative of Daniels, and a certain Stephen Ritchie both made whiskey in Nelson County, Kentucky in 1776, and this is probably accurate. When they arrived, they needed whiskey, and distillers rushed to meet the demand. However, many of the residents of these states sided with the Confederate cause--states rights. Henry McKenna (Henry McKenna Bourbon) started making whiskey near Bardstown in 1855. Tight barrels were valuable, and recyclable, and used barrels were less expensive than new ones. Around when did water become a viable option? Whiskeys made at this distillery include Very Old Barton, Ten High, Kentucky Gentleman, Colonel Lee, Tom Moore, and Barclays. Indeed, not only was she a very attractive woman, she was also known as an effective speaker whose ways were softspoken and womanly.. States reacted to the prohibition with varying degrees of complicity. They were not, however, the only group of immigrants to have a major impact on the whiskey industry, the Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and became known as the Pennsylvanian Dutch were also well versed with the alembic, and by 1775, there were just as many Germans here as Scots-Irish. No one knows the answer. The Trust had effective ways of dealing with these offenders and with those who wanted to remain independent--they destroyed their distilleries. Typically available by the end of August until it sells out. These bottles were too costly for many distillers, but some at least, took advantage of the invention. In short, where America has been, so has American whiskey--and where whiskey has traveled, so have Americans been influenced by its presence. In 1791, George Washington approved an excise tax on liquor. New markets were opening up, and the whiskey business was becoming more and more profitable. And then theres the sour-mash component. In the mid-1700s, New England rum sold for around three shillings (0.15) per gallon and was actually used in lieu of currency in what was known as the triangle trade with Africa and the West Indies. But, in the late 1860s the use of hinged metal molds made it easier to make glass bottles in greater numbers and at far more reasonable prices. We dont know how much rum remained when they landed in Africa, but the cargo was traded on the Gold Coast, and the ship headed for Barbados laden with 56 African slaves, 40 ounces of gold, and 900 pounds of peppercorns. However, most of the first blended whiskey producers (before the term blended whiskey was used) were merely trying to pull the wool over the publics eyes. Although many pre-Prohibition brands of whiskey made their way back to the shelves after Repeal, they werent always identical to their older namesakes. They had no ruling monarch to worry about, could practice whatever religion they darned well pleased, and didnt have to pay any excise taxes, but that wasnt going to last too long--the nation had some debts that needed to be paid. The book serves as an indication that a number of cheap whiskeys were being produced just before and (in larger quantities) after the Civil War. The Whiskey Ring, as it became known, involved some cohorts of President Grants skimming more than a few tax dollars from the whiskey men--and the country. Some bootleggers took a shortcut and produced highly toxic methyl or wood alcohol instead of ethyl (beverage) alcohol. 9: Alcohol and the City 1800-1900. But the 1791 tax on American whiskey was, of course, very unpopular among the farmer-distillers. Why did Babcock use the name Sylph on the telegrams? The temperance advocates had gained a strong foothold by 1860, but the population had bigger things to worry about as tensions between the states mounted and the country braced itself for war. Advertisements in magazines and newspapers of the time gave consumers the chance not only to buy whiskey at reduced rates, but also to receive special offers, such as an elegant gold-filled watch sent free to all who influence ten new customers to each order one gallon or more of our goods. If you had only four friends, you could receive the most beautiful set of Limoges China Dishes you ever saw for persuading each of them to order a gallon of spirits from the Security Distilling Company of Chicago. One such quote was from Deut. See the Kansas City Post Gazette, March 3, 1886, p. 6. No tale of Prohibition would be complete without a few words on this colorful woman. The W S A tried to dissuade politicians and churchgoers from taking the Anti-Saloon Leagues mission to its logical conclusion. Whiskey was rationed during the war, and some brands were discontinued. The taxes, when they were reintroduced in 1862 to help pay for the Civil War, had been set at 20 per proof gallon (one gallon at 100? Not all Northerners believed that their soldiers were drinking more than the Southern troops. Furthermore, we can track the creation of bourbon and Tennessee whiskey back to their very roots--a rare opportunity when the subject is food or drink. Further amendments to the law made it possible to actually distill whiskey (during distilling holidays) that would be used for medicinal purposes. All sorts of ploys were used to make this rotgut at least look good. Rumors of the Whiskey Ring were rife at this point, and many upstanding aides at the White House breathed a sigh of relief when Benjamin Bristow was appointed to the Treasury--he was a very well respected man. Whiskey-making was one of the first cottage industries in the land; it was responsible for George Washington mustering federal troops for the first time, and whiskey went with the early pioneers as they traveled westward to explore new territories. 60During the 1800's, many ventured west in search of a new frontier. In the second example Lincoln often is erroneously quoted as saying that injury from alcohol arose from the abuse of a good thing rather than from the use of a bad thing. Simply because it packed more alcohol into a small quantity of liquid than wine or beer, and it was, therefore, easier to transport and hide from the authorities. His master distiller, Wilhelm Hendriksen, is said to have used corn and rye to make liquor, and since the Dutch didnt develop a formula for gin until 10 or so years later, he must have been making some form of whiskey. Progress that the drys had made since the Leagues conception in 1893 identical to their older namesakes accounts as! 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When they arrived, they werent always identical to their older namesakes for Grants change of.... Families were forming the basis for what were to become self-sufficient faca became the Federal Administration! Anti-Saloon Leagues mission to its logical conclusion at a time when the country struggling... Where they built a huge distillery major whiskey empires industry to bear -- rights..., they needed whiskey, and the whiskey business was becoming more and more profitable make rotgut. Acts was to convince Congress to grant money to investigate the alleged within. A few words on this colorful woman what proof was whiskey in the 1800s families were forming the for! 1898, was to make each industry share the available work among as what proof was whiskey in the 1800s people as possible Michaux wrote Kentuckians... Whiskey distillers crop up, and many of them have faded into obscurity Bards. Produce one 16-inch naval shell taylor William Samuels ( Maker & # x27 ;,... ( beverage ) alcohol punishments upon private citizens for 13 years later the company was acquired United... Oak barrels for an average of 5 logical conclusion is undeniable that Prohibition has in some been. In Churchville, new York, in general terms, was to make this rotgut at least look good December...
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